<p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Nathalie Panissal, Professeure des Universit&eacute;s, didactique des QSV</span></span></span></i></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><u><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">nathalie.panissal@ensfea.fr</span></span></span></i></span></span></u></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&nbsp;Fabienne Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, Docteure en S&eacute;miotique, Agr&eacute;g&eacute;e de Lettres</span></span></span></i></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center"><u><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">plegat.soutjis@wanadoo.fr</span></span></span></i></span></span></u></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align:center">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">&Eacute;duquer au pouvoir d&rsquo;agir, favoriser une pens&eacute;e attentive.</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p align="center" style="text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;narii d&rsquo;anticipation </span></span></span></b></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">pour &eacute;clairer les implications &eacute;thiques</span></span></span></b></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><a href="https://tepcare.hypotheses.org/files/2020/06/N.-Panissal-F.-Plégat-Soutjis-Notos-5-2020.pdf"><span style="color:#2980b9;"><strong>T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l&#39;article complet en format PDF</strong></span></a></p> <p style="text-align:justify">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> 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6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Cambria",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Introduction&nbsp;: Le care au sein de l&rsquo;espace &eacute;ducatif<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Le propos d&eacute;velopp&eacute; ici concerne l&rsquo;axe &eacute;ducation/care. De nombreux travaux &eacute;mergent au sein de cette interaction entre le terrain &eacute;ducatif<small><a href="#_ftn1" name="_ftnref1">[1]</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;">et la th&eacute;orie&nbsp;</span><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2" style="font-size: 12pt;">[2]</a>&nbsp;<span style="font-size: 12pt;">recentr&eacute;e autour du terme anglais &laquo;&nbsp;care&nbsp;&raquo;.</span></small></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family: " times="">Au sein de cet axe de r&eacute;flexion, et en nous appuyant par ailleurs sur les th&eacute;ories du care (Gilligan, 1982&nbsp;; Tronto, 2009) d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es aux &Eacute;tats-Unis dans les ann&eacute;es 80 et souvent associ&eacute;es &agrave; la question du genre, nous souhaitons introduire une autre dimension &agrave; m&ecirc;me de cr&eacute;er, dans l&rsquo;espace &eacute;ducatif, un lieu (espace d&eacute;lib&eacute;ratoire, espace cr&eacute;atif) o&ugrave; les jeunes apprenants vont pouvoir &eacute;prouver &laquo; le caract&egrave;re social et vuln&eacute;rable du soi (en tant) qu&rsquo;acteurs inscrits dans des &eacute;cosyst&egrave;mes.&nbsp;&raquo; (Bouchareu, 2016). Dans la perspective des travaux de Tronto, nous ne r&eacute;duisons pas le </span><i new="" roman="" style="font-family: " times="">care</i><span new="" roman="" style="font-family: " times=""> &agrave; une morale - ou plut&ocirc;t dans le cadre de notre th&eacute;matique &agrave; des mises en garde sur une &eacute;volution technologique exponentielle - car nous pensons qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimente dans une pratique, dans un agir. De fait, notre recherche consiste &agrave; penser des espaces &eacute;ducatifs qui impulsent une action en cr&eacute;ant un contexte, &agrave; valeur d&rsquo;&eacute;cosyst&egrave;me, avec lequel le caract&egrave;re social et fragile de l&rsquo;individu va pouvoir interagir.</span></p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; De nombreuses recherches dans le champ de la sociologie font &eacute;tat de la place occup&eacute;e par les sciences et les technologies dans la transformation des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s (Beck, 2001). Callon (1998) &eacute;voque la performativit&eacute; sociale des technosciences dans le sens o&ugrave; elles transforment radicalement nos conditions de vie et notre condition humaine. Dans le champ philosophique, Parizeau (2015) d&eacute;nonce l&rsquo;influence des id&eacute;ologies scientifiques sur les nouvelles disciplines scientifiques comme les biotechnologies, nanotechnologies, intelligence artificielle, la g&eacute;n&eacute;tique etc. Certaines id&eacute;ologies reposent sur l&rsquo;opportunit&eacute; d&rsquo;hybrider l&rsquo;humain avec la machine (le cyborg) pour d&eacute;passer les limites biologiques et permettre l&rsquo;&eacute;volution de l&rsquo;esp&egrave;ce humaine. Aur&eacute;ol&eacute;es de la soi-disant objectivit&eacute; de la m&eacute;thode scientifique, elles diffusent dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute; et marquent l&rsquo;imaginaire des politiques et des citoyens. Dans le contexte n&eacute;olib&eacute;ral, l&rsquo;hybridation peut &ecirc;tre dirig&eacute;e vers la performance et permettre de rendre pr&eacute;dictible les comportements humains dans le but de les rationaliser et de les assujettir &agrave; la technique (Benasayag, 2016). A ce titre, il d&eacute;voile ses craintes lorsqu&rsquo;il met en garde sur une possible colonisation du vivant par l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle (2019).</p> <p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;Ainsi, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; l&rsquo;agir humain, il est d&eacute;sormais envisageable de modifier le vivant, de le fa&ccedil;onner moyennant s&eacute;lection g&eacute;n&eacute;tique, de l&rsquo;hybrider &agrave; des dispositifs &eacute;lectroniques ou des machines, de le synth&eacute;tiser, de d&eacute;velopper une intelligence artificielle, des machines morales&nbsp;; c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire des robots capables de ressentir des &eacute;motions, de faire la diff&eacute;rence entre le bien et le mal et d&rsquo;acc&eacute;der &agrave; une forme de moralit&eacute;<strong><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[3]</span></a></strong>. Cette technologisation interroge et soul&egrave;ve des questions majeures en termes de libert&eacute;, de condition humaine, d&rsquo;&eacute;thique. L&rsquo;enjeu est donc de trouver les cl&eacute;s de l&rsquo;&eacute;mancipation de cette doxa pour affirmer haut et fort la valeur existentielle de la vie (Benasayag, 2019). L&rsquo;&eacute;cole en tant qu&rsquo;institution sociale et politique a pour fonction d&rsquo;&eacute;duquer le citoyen &agrave; la vie en commun, &agrave; la perp&eacute;tuation des fondements et &agrave; la soutenabilit&eacute; du monde (Simard, 2017). Cette mission &eacute;ducative questionne fortement les conditions d&rsquo;enseignement des sciences (Pedretti, Nazir, 2011).</p> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left:0cm;mso-add-space:auto;text-align: justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt: 1.15pt;tab-stops:239.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Bien que fortement cloisonn&eacute;s en disciplines acad&eacute;miques les programmes scolaires fran&ccedil;ais offrent cependant des espaces o&ugrave; faire vivre des innovations p&eacute;dagogiques qui permettent &agrave; des &eacute;quipes &eacute;ducatives pluridisciplinaires de s&rsquo;emparer d&rsquo;une &eacute;ducation citoyenne aux sciences. C&rsquo;est dans ce contexte que les dispositifs d&rsquo;enseignement &eacute;voqu&eacute;s dans cet article ont &eacute;t&eacute; con&ccedil;us. </span><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">Pour le champ de la didactique <span style="mso-bidi-font-style:italic">des sciences de nombreux travaux portent sur l&rsquo;enseignement des interactions science-soci&eacute;t&eacute; et plus sp&eacute;cifiquement des questions socioscientifiques (SSI pour SocioScientific Issues) (Sadler, Chambers, Zeidler, 2004) visant &agrave; interroger les cons&eacute;quences sociales et &eacute;thiques des sciences lors de l&rsquo;enseignement. Le courant francophone des Questions Socialement Vives (QSV) tout comme le courant SSI reconnaissent les liens existants entre les sciences, le social, l&rsquo;&eacute;conomie et le politique&nbsp;et insistent sur le d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e critique, de l&rsquo;&eacute;mancipation et de l&rsquo;engagement citoyen (Simonneaux, Simonneaux, 2019). <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Dans le prolongement des travaux de la didactique des QSV, nous nous int&eacute;resserons &agrave; ces dispositifs &agrave; m&ecirc;mes de g&eacute;n&eacute;rer une <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">attitude </i>dans le sens de prendre soin, donner de l&rsquo;attention, manifester de la sollicitude, saisir la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;) chez de jeunes coll&eacute;giens (12-15 ans). A travers des dispositifs d&rsquo;atelier d&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;narii fictifs, les jeunes apprenants peuvent inscrire <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">un soi</i> dans l&rsquo;espace social en d&eacute;ployant une dimension &agrave; la fois cr&eacute;ative, et vuln&eacute;rable &agrave; propos des questions soci&eacute;tales majeures&nbsp;que sont les innovations technoscientifiques et leur performativit&eacute; sociale. L&rsquo;agir dans le monde, la participation &agrave; un espace citoyen rel&egrave;vent &agrave; la fois de l&rsquo;interpr&eacute;tation de l&rsquo;autre et de l&rsquo;inscription de soi. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs &eacute;tudi&eacute;s ont pour objectif de&nbsp;permettre de vivre une forme de participation d&eacute;mocratique pour &ecirc;tre en mesure de n&eacute;gocier les valeurs de demain. Ils engagent &agrave; faire vivre, &agrave; faire circuler des valeurs ou contre-valeurs et des formes de bienveillance agie dans la prospection de l&rsquo;avenir. Ces dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs peuvent &ecirc;tre utilis&eacute;s dans le cadre d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">D&eacute;velopper le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">care</i> sur une temporalit&eacute; collective&nbsp;: prendre soin de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;<o:p></o:p></span></b></h3> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Nous sommes tous vuln&eacute;rables<o:p></o:p></span></i></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">L&rsquo;acc&eacute;l&eacute;ration des innovations dans de nombreux secteurs comme l&rsquo;intelligence artificielle, les biotechnologies, la sant&eacute;, le num&eacute;rique, l&rsquo;armement (pour ne prendre que quelques exemples) posent de r&eacute;elles questions sur les usages qui peuvent en &ecirc;tre faits, aujourd&rsquo;hui, mais &eacute;galement dans un avenir plus lointain. Par exemple, comment s&rsquo;assurer que les programmes de &laquo;&nbsp;tracking&nbsp;&raquo; mis en place pour localiser les personnes atteintes du Covid aujourd&rsquo;hui, ne seront pas utilis&eacute;s demain pour tracer et discriminer d&rsquo;autres individus dans d&rsquo;autres circonstances. Ces nouvelles connaissances &laquo;&nbsp;lancent le d&eacute;fi de la complexit&eacute;&nbsp;: comment confronter, s&eacute;lectionner, organiser ces connaissances de fa&ccedil;on ad&eacute;quate en les reliant et en int&eacute;grant l&rsquo;incertitude &raquo; (Morin, 2020, p. 7). En effet, l&rsquo;innovation ne peut plus &ecirc;tre pens&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;au nom du progr&egrave;s, mais au nom de la durabilit&eacute; ; il s&rsquo;agit moins d&rsquo;aller de l&rsquo;avant que de durer. D&rsquo;o&ugrave; cet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">oxymore</i>, d&eacute;veloppement durable, qui tente presque magiquement de concilier l&rsquo;id&eacute;al de d&eacute;veloppement, de croissance, et le souci de survivre, maintenir, perdurer&nbsp;&raquo; (Bensaude-Vincent, 2016, p. 95). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Pour Bensaude-Vincent, 2016, il n&rsquo;est plus possible d&rsquo;envisager un monde viable sans recourir &agrave; une &eacute;thique qui se soucie, qui fasse attention aux choses. Les questions &eacute;thiques sur la condition humaine, la libert&eacute;, la justice sont plus que jamais d&rsquo;actualit&eacute; (Habermas, 2015). Face &agrave; ce raz de mar&eacute;e d&rsquo;incertitudes les gouvernements normalisent, l&eacute;gif&egrave;rent pour contr&ocirc;ler les risques. Mais les catastrophes technologiques, climatiques, la disparition de la biodiversit&eacute; montrent qu&rsquo;en d&eacute;pit de la comp&eacute;tence des experts rien ne pourra cerner l&rsquo;incertitude, comme si l&rsquo;illusion de ma&icirc;trise avait pour fonction de d&eacute;nier la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;. La rationalit&eacute; technoscientifique est loin d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre suffisante pour penser le monde d&rsquo;aujourd&rsquo;hui et de demain (Beck, 2001), pire elle installe une vision totalisante (Guchet, Legallais, 2019). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Sur le plan &eacute;thique Tronto (2009) consid&egrave;re que le crit&egrave;re d&rsquo;autonomie est incompatible avec la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de l&rsquo;inter-d&eacute;pendance des humains du fait de leur vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; fondamentale. Pour elle, la n&eacute;cessaire pens&eacute;e du care, de la sollicitude prend en compte l&rsquo;anthropologie de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;, cette vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; ordinaire quotidienne qui consiste &agrave; &ecirc;tre soi, tout simplement humain. C&rsquo;est ainsi que l&rsquo;&eacute;thique du care propose une autre approche du jugement moral, compl&eacute;mentaire de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique de la justice, pour pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment prendre acte de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; et de la d&eacute;pendance de l&rsquo;humain. L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du care est certes profond&eacute;ment li&eacute;e aux conditions de vie ordinaire. Toutefois Tronto insiste sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; de <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">politiser le care</i> pour l&rsquo;extraire de son confinement au niveau d&rsquo;une morale priv&eacute;e et l&rsquo;&eacute;riger au niveau d&rsquo;une th&eacute;orie morale politique. Le regard du care modifie profond&eacute;ment le regard contemporain de la morale structur&eacute; par une th&eacute;orie de la justice (Rawls, 1971)&nbsp;:<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:1.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Pour &eacute;tablir des principes &eacute;quitables, John Rawls (&hellip;) mod&eacute;lisait une &laquo;&nbsp;position originelle&nbsp;&raquo; dans laquelle des individus d&eacute;sincarn&eacute;s d&eacute;finissent les r&egrave;gles r&eacute;gissant la soci&eacute;t&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;sous un voile d&rsquo;ignorance&nbsp;&raquo;, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire sans conna&icirc;tre aucune de leurs caract&eacute;ristiques personnelles ou sociales (&hellip;) le r&eacute;alisme pr&ocirc;n&eacute; par la perspective du&nbsp;care&nbsp;aurait tendance &agrave; mettre en point d&rsquo;ancrage de la pens&eacute;e morale et politique une&nbsp;condition originelle&nbsp;marqu&eacute;e par la r&eacute;alit&eacute; de nos vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s (Paperman, 2010, p. 51).<o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-top:0cm;margin-right:1.0cm;margin-bottom:0cm; margin-left:1.0cm;margin-bottom:.0001pt;text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Il s&rsquo;agit de r&eacute;chauffer une &eacute;thique logique (froide) gr&acirc;ce &agrave; la prise de conscience de notre co-responsabilit&eacute; relationnelle. Ainsi, nos raisonnements moraux sont arm&eacute;s d&rsquo;autres comp&eacute;tences compl&eacute;mentaires de celle de la justice, qui sont&nbsp;: l&rsquo;attention, l&rsquo;&eacute;coute, la sollicitude, la responsabilit&eacute;, la r&eacute;ciprocit&eacute; vis-&agrave;-vis d&rsquo;autrui. Les &eacute;l&eacute;ments que fait ressortir cette politisation du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> sont des jalons fructueux pour penser une &eacute;ducation &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; dans une civilisation occidentale mouvement&eacute;e en proie aux exigences de performance et de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; du march&eacute; &eacute;conomique et de l&rsquo;id&eacute;ologie n&eacute;olib&eacute;rale.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Se soucier de&nbsp;: quelles comp&eacute;tences&nbsp;?<o:p></o:p></span></i></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Quelles comp&eacute;tences installer chez les jeunes apprenants&nbsp;pour favoriser cette &eacute;ducation &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; ? Au sein de la r&eacute;volution technoscientifique actuelle, une distance critique s&rsquo;impose, pour &agrave; la fois &eacute;valuer et instaurer une forme d&rsquo;agir &agrave; m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;ajuster l&rsquo;espace d&eacute;cisionnel au c&oelig;ur de la dynamique d&rsquo;&eacute;volution et non r&eacute;trospectivement. Une forme d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation citoyenne</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1"> - </span></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">au sein de laquelle des questions &eacute;thiques sont abord&eacute;es, d&eacute;battues, explor&eacute;es, sc&eacute;naris&eacute;es </span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">- </span></span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">rel&egrave;ve d&rsquo;un apprentissage visant &agrave; s&rsquo;impr&eacute;gner de la dimension critique des sciences humaines et sociales pour aborder les questions scientifiques. De fait, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont &eacute;t&eacute; invit&eacute;s &agrave; se d&eacute;tacher de l&rsquo;imm&eacute;diatet&eacute;, et de l&rsquo;interaction ancr&eacute;e sur une situation actuelle, pour int&eacute;grer un autre type &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;attitude care&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: int&eacute;grer le prendre soin dans des d&eacute;cisions collectives sur une temporalit&eacute; collective, institutionnelle, qui va de fait d&eacute;passer la temporalit&eacute; individuelle, et ce dans une posture de d&eacute;cideur. En effet, ne pourrait-on pas apprendre &agrave; d&eacute;velopper des gestes &eacute;thiques tout comme on d&eacute;veloppe des gestes professionnels (Jorro, 1998), corr&eacute;lant attitude et savoir-faire&nbsp;? R&eacute;to (2016) reprend les travaux de la philosophe de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation Nel Noddings qui, quand elle &laquo;&nbsp;[&hellip;] utilise le terme&nbsp;caring, [&hellip;] d&eacute;crit non pas un attribut ou trait de personnalit&eacute;, mais une relation morale.&nbsp;&raquo; Elle pr&eacute;cise en r&eacute;f&eacute;rence encore &agrave; ces travaux, que &laquo;&nbsp;le&nbsp;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caring&nbsp;</i>n&lsquo;est pas quelque chose que vous &ecirc;tes, mais plut&ocirc;t quelque chose dans lequel vous vous engagez, quelque chose que vous faites. [&hellip;]. Le&nbsp;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">caring</i>&nbsp;est &agrave; la fois un choix, une responsabilit&eacute; et une obligation impliquant affect et volont&eacute; &raquo; (R&eacute;to, 2016). <o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">De fait, le <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> dans la d&eacute;finition que nous adoptons devient une bienveillance agie (Usclat, 2016) &agrave; impulser comme pi&egrave;ce ma&icirc;tresse pour faire face aux d&eacute;fis technologiques et aux mutations actuelles. De nombreux travaux se sont d&eacute;j&agrave; pench&eacute;s sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t du care pour l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation (Derycke, Foray, 2018&nbsp;; Usclat, H&eacute;tier, Monjo, 2016 ; Nurock &amp; Panissal, 2016, Panissal, Molinier, 2016&nbsp;; Roux-Lafay, 2012&nbsp;; Noddings, 2008). Nous nous inscrivons dans le prolongement de ces travaux avec comme objectif de mettre l&rsquo;accent sur le d&eacute;veloppement moral des &eacute;l&egrave;ves afin de les outiller pour penser la performativit&eacute; des innovations technologiques sur la soci&eacute;t&eacute;.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">&Eacute;duquer &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;&nbsp;: apports de la didactique des Questions Socialement Vives (QSV) <o:p></o:p></span></b></h3> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">La didactique des QSV est un champ de recherche francophone (Legardez, Simonneaux, 2006) qui &eacute;tudie les conditions d&rsquo;enseignement, d&rsquo;apprentissage de questions dites floues, voire filout&eacute;es (Fabre, 2014) controvers&eacute;es, complexes, fortement interdisciplinaires, v&eacute;hiculant de nombreuses incertitudes, valeurs tant sur le plan des savoirs de r&eacute;f&eacute;rences (dans les sph&egrave;res de production de savoir), sur le plan soci&eacute;tal et m&eacute;diatique (d&eacute;battues dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;), mais &eacute;galement dans les situations d&rsquo;enseignement (sujettes &agrave; d&eacute;bat, contestations en classe). Cette didactique se revendique comme une didactique engag&eacute;e &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;vis&eacute;e transformative de l&rsquo;Education (&hellip;). Cette vis&eacute;e transformative de la recherche peut certes prendre diff&eacute;rentes formes &ndash; &eacute;ducation critique, socio-politique, activisme -, utiliser diff&eacute;rents leviers &ndash; des ing&eacute;nieries exp&eacute;rimentales ou ordinaires - et &ecirc;tre plus ou moins implicite&nbsp;&raquo; (Simonneaux, Simonneaux, Legardez, 2014). <o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Une d&eacute;marche pour enqu&ecirc;ter sur des savoirs flous en vue de d&eacute;velopper des comp&eacute;tences<o:p></o:p></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Depuis son origine, la didactique des QSV r&eacute;fl&eacute;chit &agrave; la construction de dispositifs d&rsquo;enseignement de savoirs complexes et charg&eacute;s de valeurs. Plus r&eacute;cemment, une mod&eacute;lisation de ces diff&eacute;rents dispositifs a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;e autour d&rsquo;une approche p&eacute;dagogique dite de la d&eacute;marque d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te (</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-begin'></span> ADDIN ZOTERO_ITEM CSL_CITATION {"citationID":"T0I84vES","properties":{"formattedCitation":"(L. Simonneaux et al., 2017)","plainCitation":"(L. Simonneaux et al., 2017)","noteIndex":0},"citationItems":[{"id":729,"uris":["http://zotero.org/users/5513367/items/A8WRBZSG"],"uri":["http://zotero.org/users/5513367/items/A8WRBZSG"],"itemData":{"id":729,"type":"article-journal","title":"Menons l’enquête sur des questions d’EDD dans la perspective des QSV","container-title":"Formation et pratiques d'enseignement en questions","page":"143-160","issue":"22","author":[{"family":"Simonneaux","given":"L"},{"family":"Simonneaux","given":"J"},{"family":"Hervé","given":"N"},{"family":"Molinatti","given":"G"},{"family":"Nedelec","given":"L"},{"family":"Cancian","given":"N"},{"family":"Lipp","given":"A"}],"issued":{"date-parts":[["2017"]]}}}],"schema":"https://github.com/citation-style-language/schema/raw/master/csl-citation.json"} <span style='mso-element:field-separator'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Simonneaux et al., 2017)</span><!--[if supportFields]><span style='color:black;mso-themecolor:text1'><span style='mso-element:field-end'></span></span><![endif]--><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"> en lien avec les travaux de Dewey (2006). La pertinence d&rsquo;outils p&eacute;dagogiques tels que les cartographies de controverses, les d&eacute;bats entre &eacute;l&egrave;ves, les jeux de r&ocirc;les, les rencontres d&rsquo;acteurs, les jeux s&eacute;rieux, l&rsquo;analyse des m&eacute;dias y est discut&eacute;e (Simonneaux (ed.), 2019). Ce mod&egrave;le, suffisamment g&eacute;n&eacute;ral pour ne pas &ecirc;tre prescriptif et permettre des adaptations aux diff&eacute;rents contextes d&rsquo;enseignement, sugg&egrave;re d&rsquo;aborder les QSV par le biais d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te adapt&eacute;e aux questions complexes (Fabre, 2014). Lors de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te sur une QSV la classe (professeurs et &eacute;l&egrave;ves) se transforme en une communaut&eacute; de chercheurs qui va explorer le savoir dans toutes les facettes de sa complexit&eacute;. Les dispositifs discut&eacute;s plus loin ont tous &eacute;t&eacute; pens&eacute;s selon la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1"><span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Le traitement didactique d&rsquo;une QSV bouscule les pratiques enseignantes des disciplines acad&eacute;miques. Les comp&eacute;tences du citoyen doivent &agrave; pr&eacute;sent d&eacute;passer l&rsquo;unique rationalit&eacute; scientifique et d&eacute;velopper des comp&eacute;tences de soutenabilit&eacute; du monde (Sauv&eacute;, Orellane, Villemagne, Bader, 2017), <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>Il ne s&rsquo;agit plus pour les enseignants de dispenser un savoir de fa&ccedil;on traditionnelle, ax&eacute; sur la discipline acad&eacute;mique (enseignement froid), sous peine de nier la complexit&eacute; de la QSV, mais de s&rsquo;acheminer peu &agrave; peu vers un enseignement plus chaud qui prend en compte les incertitudes, les jeux d&rsquo;acteurs, les questions sociales et &eacute;thiques, les valeurs jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; une &eacute;ducation citoyenne pouvant d&eacute;boucher, d&egrave;s l&rsquo;&eacute;cole, sur des actions militantes voire sur de l&rsquo;activisme (enseignement au plus chaud). Sont alors int&eacute;gr&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;enseignement d&rsquo;une QSV, les questions de justice sociale situ&eacute;es et des analyses de mod&egrave;les de soci&eacute;t&eacute;. <o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Les dispositifs que nous &eacute;voquons dans cet article se situent dans une position m&eacute;diane dans ce gradient froid-chaud, ils visent au d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e critique et de comp&eacute;tences de viabilit&eacute;. D&eacute;finir la pens&eacute;e critique n&rsquo;est pas une t&acirc;che simple, tant ce concept traverse de nombreux champs disciplinaires, philosophie, sociologie, sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation et m&ecirc;me au sein des sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation, il n&rsquo;existe pas de consensus. Nous avons fait de choix d&rsquo;une d&eacute;finition du champ &eacute;ducatif qui appr&eacute;hende son d&eacute;veloppement dans l&rsquo;interaction en confrontation avec l&rsquo;alt&eacute;rit&eacute; (Daniel, 2005). L&rsquo;auteure aborde la pens&eacute;e critique selon une approche <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">quadri modale</i> en quatre modes de pens&eacute;e (logique, cr&eacute;atif, responsable, m&eacute;ta cognitif). Le mode de pens&eacute;e logique est le si&egrave;ge des raisonnements, jugements, reposant sur des crit&egrave;res, il est sensible au contexte, et capable d&rsquo;autocorrections. Le mode de pens&eacute;e cr&eacute;atif permet de cr&eacute;er, de faire des connexions neuves et diff&eacute;rentes, d&rsquo;envisager d&rsquo;autres alternatives. Le mode m&eacute;tacognitif correspond aux raisonnements &eacute;valuatifs exprimant un changement de conduite, il t&eacute;moigne des capacit&eacute;s d&rsquo;int&eacute;grer des critiques et de s&rsquo;auto-corriger. Enfin le mode de pens&eacute;e responsable correspond au raisonnement &eacute;thique qui n&eacute;cessite un dialogue et une rencontre avec autrui permettant le d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une pens&eacute;e responsable. Compte tenu de son caract&egrave;re &eacute;troitement li&eacute; &agrave; l&rsquo;aspect &eacute;thique du jugement nous avons fait le choix de nommer ce registre la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique. Elle est donc d&eacute;finie comme une praxis et exprime la capacit&eacute; &agrave; &eacute;valuer et &eacute;mettre des jugements sur le plan moral. Bien entendu le jugement moral dont il est question ici est celui d&rsquo;une morale compl&egrave;te soit une morale de la justice compl&eacute;ment&eacute;e d&rsquo;une morale du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i> &eacute;tant entendu que les transformations que connaissent les soci&eacute;t&eacute;s contemporaines sont pour une large part d&eacute;clench&eacute;es par les sciences et technologies et leur &eacute;valuation morale par le prisme du juste ne permet pas de penser les vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s inh&eacute;rentes &agrave; ces d&eacute;veloppements.<o:p></o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> 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mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Des dispositifs d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation aux technosciences</span></i></h4> <p><o:p></o:p>&nbsp; &nbsp; Depuis 2007, dans le cadre de &laquo;&nbsp;recherches interventions&nbsp;&raquo; (Bedin, 2013) nous co-construisons avec des &eacute;quipes d&rsquo;enseignants de l&rsquo;enseignement secondaire des dispositifs d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation citoyenne aux nanotechnologies appliqu&eacute;es &agrave; la sant&eacute;&nbsp;<strong><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[4]</span></a></strong> dans le cadre de la didactique des QSV (Panissal, Brossais, Vieu, 2010). Nos travaux se focalisent sur le d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique (Panissal, 2017). Ces dispositifs, d&rsquo;une dur&eacute;e moyenne de 20 heures, ont &eacute;t&eacute; construits avec la volont&eacute; de croiser les expertises disciplinaires des enseignants de coll&egrave;ges ou lyc&eacute;es (enseignants de disciplines scientifiques et des humanit&eacute;s) et les expertises d&rsquo;enseignants chercheurs en nanotechnologies et sciences de l&rsquo;&eacute;ducation. L&rsquo;architecture de ces dispositifs est structur&eacute;e selon la logique de l&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te QSV. Ils sont syst&eacute;matiquement compos&eacute;s de trois blocs&nbsp;: des enseignements scientifiques en lien avec le travail des chercheurs nanos et les programmes scolaires, des travaux pratiques avec visite de laboratoires de recherche, et une partie r&eacute;flexive autour de d&eacute;bats argument&eacute;s, production de jeux de r&ocirc;les, pi&egrave;ces de th&eacute;&acirc;tre, production de r&eacute;cits fictifs.</p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Notre premi&egrave;re approche de la r&eacute;flexivit&eacute; vis-&agrave;-vis des bionanotechnologies a consist&eacute; &agrave; mettre en place la pr&eacute;paration et la tenue de d&eacute;bats argument&eacute;s dans les classes entre les &eacute;l&egrave;ves. Nous avons pu montrer que le d&eacute;bat QSV est un outil pertinent pour l&rsquo;&eacute;tude des questions complexes qui s&rsquo;ins&egrave;re &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;tapes d&rsquo;une d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te, aussi bien au d&eacute;but pour faire &eacute;merger les repr&eacute;sentions des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, que pour discuter apr&egrave;s une recherche documentaire et s&eacute;lectionner les arguments importants, qu&rsquo;en phase terminale o&ugrave; il faut proposer des solutions ou construire une opinion raisonn&eacute;e sur la question (Panissal, 2014). Des travaux ant&eacute;rieurs, ont permis de montrer qu&rsquo;au cours des d&eacute;bats, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves construisent non seulement des savoirs scientifiques, mais &eacute;galement des savoirs socio-&eacute;thiques en lien avec une QSV.<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>Par exemple lors de d&eacute;bats sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t de la nanom&eacute;decine, ils parviennent &agrave; soulever des questions cruciales li&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;augmentation des capacit&eacute;s humaines, les nouvelles discriminations par rapport aux profils g&eacute;n&eacute;tiques des patients. Les d&eacute;bats permettent ainsi de faire &eacute;merger une probl&eacute;matisation &eacute;thique, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire de mettre en exergue ce qui est juste mais aussi ce qui compte, ce qui est important et qui a de la valeur sur le plan moral (Panissal, Molinier, 2016). Les arguments du care, plus attach&eacute;s au contexte ordinaire des &eacute;l&egrave;ves, sont souvent les &eacute;l&eacute;ments d&eacute;clencheurs de la probl&eacute;matisation &eacute;thique car ils permettent de donner du sens &agrave; des sujets tr&egrave;s abstraits pour un jeune public adolescent comme l&rsquo;augmentation humaine par le recours aux technosciences, les limites du d&eacute;pistage g&eacute;n&eacute;tique pr&eacute;natal (Panissal, 2017). Certes, ils sont sensibilis&eacute;s aux questions &eacute;thiques qu&rsquo;ils ne soup&ccedil;onnaient pas au d&eacute;part, ils sont sensibles &agrave; la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;. N&eacute;anmoins, le traitement de cette vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; reste tr&egrave;s g&eacute;n&eacute;ral et est le plus souvent ramen&eacute; &agrave; des questions de justice et d&rsquo;&eacute;gal acc&egrave;s. Les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont que trop rarement identifi&eacute; les nouvelles vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s qui pourraient na&icirc;tre du fait des applications des innovations dans la soci&eacute;t&eacute;. Aussi, afin de pousser plus en amont la mobilisation de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique, les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs ont &eacute;t&eacute; compl&eacute;t&eacute;s par des outils pour penser le futur&nbsp;: le r&eacute;cit fictif.<o:p></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <h3 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Des dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs&nbsp;comme <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">lieu cr&eacute;atif et </i>espaces d&eacute;lib&eacute;ratoires de demain</span></b><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p></o:p></span></h3> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> 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mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none;text-autospace: none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Dans les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs, l&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;narii fictifs pour &eacute;clairer les implications &eacute;thiques a &eacute;t&eacute; amorc&eacute;e suite &agrave; une r&eacute;flexion interdisciplinaire sciences physiques et litt&eacute;rature en coll&egrave;ge. Un espace d&eacute;lib&eacute;ratoire a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;, par la mise en place de d&eacute;bats, impuls&eacute; par le dispositif Nano&eacute;cole et compl&eacute;t&eacute; par un aspect plus cr&eacute;atif qu&rsquo;est l&rsquo;&eacute;criture litt&eacute;raire. Ce dispositif &eacute;ducatif (Panissal, Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, 2018) s&rsquo;est construit autour d&rsquo;ateliers d&rsquo;&eacute;criture &agrave; partir de trois temps&nbsp;&eacute;ducatifs dans ce croisement interdisciplinaire Sciences physiques et Lettres : imaginer/inventer, s&rsquo;impr&eacute;gner/r&eacute;diger, partager/d&eacute;battre. Ces temps &eacute;ducatifs ont m&ecirc;l&eacute; successivement ou parall&egrave;lement des s&eacute;ances pour imaginer des amorces pour l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des sc&eacute;narios, pour esquisser &agrave; l&rsquo;oral ces sc&eacute;narios, pour accueillir la conf&eacute;rence d&rsquo;un chercheur sp&eacute;cialiste des nanotechnologies, pour visiter un laboratoire scientifique, notamment la &laquo;&nbsp;salle blanche&nbsp;&raquo;, et principalement pour r&eacute;diger des r&eacute;cits tout en nourrissant cette d&eacute;marche r&eacute;flexive qui s&rsquo;est associ&eacute;e &agrave; une pens&eacute;e cr&eacute;ative, attentive. Un dernier atelier a &eacute;t&eacute; consacr&eacute; au partage des r&eacute;cits produits par les &eacute;l&egrave;ves et &agrave; un nouveau d&eacute;bat autour de la lecture de ces r&eacute;cits.</span></p> <p><o:p></o:p>&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; Leur dynamique narrative s&rsquo;est av&eacute;r&eacute;e &ecirc;tre un outil int&eacute;ressant pour contribuer au d&eacute;veloppement moral et engager une r&eacute;flexion &eacute;thique (Panissal, Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis 2018). Propos&eacute;s par ailleurs par l&rsquo;universit&eacute; d&rsquo;Arizona (<em>Center for Nanotechnology in society</em>) comme dispositif d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation citoyenne, les scenarii fictifs s&rsquo;inscrivent comme un espace de recherche &eacute;ducation &agrave; d&eacute;velopper.<strong><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[5]</span></a></strong> L&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience des r&eacute;cits fictifs au coll&egrave;ge propos&eacute;e &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une r&eacute;flexion prenant en compte la syntaxe narrative et ses valeurs ouvre un champ de recherche autour de la pens&eacute;e pour le futur &ndash;<em>Future Thinking</em>- (Jones et al., 2012) au sein de la didactique des QSV. Il est possible de rendre compte au mieux des pr&eacute;suppos&eacute;s et de la pertinence des tissages narratifs, de leur mouvement au fur et &agrave; mesure des productions et des &eacute;changes.</p> <h4 class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Les r&eacute;cits fictifs pour d&eacute;velopper la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></i><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h4> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Ce n&rsquo;est pas une posture d&rsquo;observateur qui a &eacute;t&eacute; propos&eacute;e aux &eacute;l&egrave;ves engag&eacute;s dans ce projet mais une posture d&rsquo;auteur. Rumpala (2016) &eacute;voque de nombreuses &oelig;uvres de science-fiction </span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">soulevant la question de la &laquo;&nbsp;concordance des temporalit&eacute;s entre d&eacute;veloppements techniques et r&eacute;flexions &eacute;thiques<span class="msoIns"><ins cite="mailto:Microsoft%20Office%20User" datetime="2020-04-27T16:20"> </ins></span>&raquo;.</span><span class="MsoFootnoteReference"><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol; color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"> </span></span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Le r&eacute;cit avec &laquo; tout un agencement d&rsquo;explorations et d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimentations fictionnelles [&hellip;] peut ainsi aider &agrave; construire&nbsp;une &eacute;thique du futur ayant sa propre pertinence, particuli&egrave;rement pour les angles morts et les points aveugles que risqueraient de laisser d&rsquo;autres constructions &eacute;thiques &raquo; (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">ibidem</i>, p. 82) et d&rsquo;autres outils p&eacute;dagogiques comme le d&eacute;bat &eacute;voqu&eacute; pr&eacute;c&eacute;demment. Nous avons pu montrer l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des r&eacute;cits fictifs pour le d&eacute;veloppement de la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique des &eacute;l&egrave;ves. La place d&rsquo;auteur de r&eacute;cits fictionnels<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span>permet aux apprenants de se familiariser avec les questions soci&eacute;tales en les re-liant aux objets scientifiques qu&rsquo;ils ont pu aborder dans leurs cours. L&rsquo;&eacute;criture de sc&eacute;nario permet ainsi de mettre &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve, de d&eacute;construire, de transformer les objets scientifiques et de les projeter dans un environnement prospectif, imaginaire et fictif (Panissal, Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, 2018). La narration permet une r&eacute;flexion implicite et autorise les &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; prendre des d&eacute;cisions au cours de leur production, &agrave; &eacute;tablir des liens</span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"> &eacute;troits entre les connaissances scientifiques, et les d&eacute;cisions de narration qui vont orienter leur action, la perturber. En effet, le sc&eacute;nario d&rsquo;un r&eacute;cit fictif n&rsquo;est pas assimilable aux &eacute;v&eacute;nements de la vie r&eacute;elle o&ugrave; ce qui va arriver &eacute;chappe totalement aux intentions initiales. Edgar Morin &eacute;nonce &agrave; ce propos ce constat d&eacute;routant et exact &laquo;&nbsp;qu&rsquo;on a beau savoir que tout ce qui s&#39;est pass&eacute; d&#39;important dans l&#39;histoire mondiale ou dans notre vie &eacute;tait totalement inattendu, on continue &agrave; agir comme si rien d&#39;inattendu ne devrait d&eacute;sormais arriver &raquo; (Morin, 2014, p.108) </span><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Dans un entretien, Ricoeur (2001) souligne l&rsquo;id&eacute;e d&rsquo;immortalit&eacute; que se donne l&rsquo;homme dans les institutions. Ces institutions durent plus que chacun d&rsquo;entre nous, et soul&egrave;ve la question de la fragilit&eacute; qui leur est propre&nbsp;; &agrave; leur &eacute;chelle elles sont vuln&eacute;rables &agrave; l&rsquo;irr&eacute;vocable et l&rsquo;impr&eacute;visible</span><strong><span style="color:#2980b9;"><a href="#_ftn6" name="_ftnref6">[6]</a>.</span></strong><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1"> L&rsquo;institution pose un lieu de reconnaissance de l&rsquo;identit&eacute; collective et individuelle, noyau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">d&rsquo;ips&eacute;it&eacute;</i>, de reconnaissance de soi-m&ecirc;me, qui est &agrave; la fois narrative et morale. </span><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">L&rsquo;&eacute;criture narrative est &agrave; m&ecirc;me de stimuler une <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">conscience collective</i> par le biais du personnage, entrant dans le jeu d&rsquo;<i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">interactions </i>- avec un regard d&eacute;plac&eacute;, &agrave; distance qui implique une attitude d&rsquo;autorit&eacute; non seulement auctoriale au sens de faire appara&icirc;tre</span><strong><a href="#_ftn7" name="_ftnref7"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[7]</span></a></strong><span style="mso-fareast-font-family:Symbol;color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">, mais aussi au sens &laquo;&nbsp;&hellip; de l&rsquo;autorit&eacute; dont jouit l&rsquo;auteur, [dans une] <i>conscience &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;thique&nbsp;&raquo; o&ugrave; il est en devenir de lui-m&ecirc;me &raquo;. </i> C&rsquo;est &agrave; la fois cet <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">au nom de soi</i>, cette intention cr&eacute;atrice, cette conscience du monde qui nous int&eacute;ressent dans l&rsquo;&eacute;criture des r&eacute;cits fictifs qui interrogent la notion de causalit&eacute; r&eacute;cursive.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" 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Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:12.0pt; font-family:"Cambria",serif; mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria; mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black; mso-themecolor:text1">Dans la vari&eacute;t&eacute; des r&eacute;cits produits</span><span class="MsoCommentReference"><span style="font-size:9.0pt;color:black;mso-themecolor: text1">, </span></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">certains se sont focalis&eacute;s sur la science et l&rsquo;objet scientifique, les &eacute;l&egrave;ves ont utilis&eacute; des arguments technoscientifiques voire technophiles dans leurs fictions, ils ont jou&eacute; le jeu des r&eacute;cits de science-fiction n&eacute;gligeant parfois l&rsquo;humain et sa fragilit&eacute;. Inversement d&rsquo;autres r&eacute;cits se sont tellement concentr&eacute;s sur l&rsquo;humain qu&rsquo;ils en ont oubli&eacute; l&rsquo;exploration de l&rsquo;innovation et ont relat&eacute; des faits tr&egrave;s contemporains de personnes malades qui acceptent par exemple des essais cliniques pour traiter des maladies incurables au p&eacute;ril de leur vie. C&rsquo;est ainsi que la transposition du genre science-fiction dans la situation de classe, m&ecirc;me si elle contribue au d&eacute;veloppement d&rsquo;une pens&eacute;e orient&eacute;e vers le futur semble trop large pour mobiliser une pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique au service de la justice et du <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">care</i>. Dans le contexte d&rsquo;enseignement, les genres sont soumis &agrave; des logiques de transpositions au service de leur apprentissage (Schneuwly &amp; Dolz, 1997). Le genre est ici contraint par deux facteurs&nbsp;: l&rsquo;&eacute;cole et le champ de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; sociale de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence (la litt&eacute;rature de science-fiction). C&rsquo;est ainsi que pour les besoins de l&rsquo;exploration d&rsquo;une QSV li&eacute;e &agrave; la nanom&eacute;decine, les pratiques sociales de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence de production de r&eacute;cits fictifs ont &eacute;t&eacute; transpos&eacute;es dans la situation didactique avec comme hypoth&egrave;se que la science-fiction serait &agrave; m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;interroger une &eacute;thique du futur et de penser un monde soutenable apte &agrave; assurer la continuit&eacute; de la vie sur la terre. Pour Rumpala (2016) la science-fiction pr&eacute;sente un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t non n&eacute;gligeable&nbsp;; elle permet de pousser le raisonnement jusqu&rsquo;aux limites de l&rsquo;entendement, d&rsquo;imaginer les pires sc&eacute;narri, d&rsquo;explorer les r&eacute;pertoires sociotechniques, d&rsquo;&eacute;prouver les innovations technologiques jusqu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se de la posthumanit&eacute;. La science-fiction permet une exploration d&rsquo;un futur &eacute;loign&eacute; ou plus exactement un exercice narratif qui permet d&rsquo;explorer les aventures de h&eacute;ros dans des mondes invent&eacute;s. <span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp;</span>C&rsquo;est bien l&rsquo;exercice de l&rsquo;invention qui est premier dans la science-fiction, celui de l&rsquo;imaginaire pour explorer le pire et le meilleur des futurs possibles, une invention qui repose avant tout sur la science, la technoscience, l&rsquo;innovation scientifique pour elle-m&ecirc;me. Cette d&eacute;marche peut compl&egrave;tement occulter l&rsquo;aspect prospectif de l&rsquo;exercice. Or les dispositifs &eacute;ducatifs relat&eacute;s ici ont pour ambition de d&eacute;velopper une &eacute;ducation aux sciences critiques (Simonneaux, Simonneaux, 2019) qui permette de soumettre l&rsquo;innovation aux exigences humaines, sociales, politiques, &eacute;conomiques, &eacute;cologiques&hellip; C&rsquo;est pour cette raison que le r&eacute;cit d&rsquo;anticipation para&icirc;t plus adapt&eacute; aux vis&eacute;es prospectives de la didactique des QSV.<o:p></o:p></span></p> <h4 style="text-align: justify; text-indent: 1cm;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span new="" roman="" style="font-size:12.0pt;font-family:" times="">Prospective didactique des QSV&nbsp;: l&rsquo;hypoth&egrave;se de l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t du r&eacute;cit d&rsquo;anticipation<span style="mso-spacerun:yes">&nbsp; </span><o:p></o:p></span></i><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></h4> <p style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph;text-indent:1.0cm; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Bien qu&rsquo;il soit souvent assimil&eacute; &agrave; la science-fiction, il faut distinguer le roman d&#39;anticipation comme sous-genre de la science-fiction. La diff&eacute;rence essentielle vient de l&rsquo;ancrage du roman d&rsquo;anticipation dans le cr&eacute;dible. En effet, m&ecirc;me si le monde qu&rsquo;il met en sc&egrave;ne est le r&eacute;sultat de l&rsquo;imagination de l&rsquo;&eacute;crivain et de l&rsquo;environnement fictif qu&rsquo;il d&eacute;veloppe, il n&rsquo;en demeure pas moins fictif. Toutefois, ce qui le distingue de l&rsquo;&eacute;crit de science-fiction, c&rsquo;est sa facult&eacute; de rendre le r&eacute;cit presque r&eacute;el. L&rsquo;auteur prend appui sur le quotidien, ce qui est plausible ici et maintenant pour le re-lier avec des &eacute;v&eacute;nements issus de son imagination et purement fictifs (Stienon, 2013). La production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation nous semble plus compatible avec les attendus de la situation scolaire autour d&rsquo;une QSV. Compte tenu de l&rsquo;&acirc;ge des apprenants, la production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation para&icirc;t pertinente car elle permet de conserver aux sc&eacute;narii un air familier, qui peut &ecirc;tre proche du jeune, proche des int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts du vivre ensemble qui conf&egrave;re au r&eacute;cit une dimension prospective, alors que les productions de science-fiction peuvent les conduire dans un exercice o&ugrave; seul l&rsquo;exercice du progr&egrave;s scientifique est mis en sc&egrave;ne sans &ecirc;tre questionn&eacute; sur le plan &eacute;thique comme par exemple lorsque les &eacute;l&egrave;ves envisagent des armes de guerre ou d&rsquo;espionnage tr&egrave;s sophistiqu&eacute;es sans en interroger les enjeux, ils s&rsquo;&eacute;loignent trop du monde et anesth&eacute;sient leur pens&eacute;e critique avec les chim&egrave;res du progr&egrave;s scientifique. L&rsquo;innovation discut&eacute;e dans l&rsquo;anticipation est d&eacute;j&agrave; pr&eacute;sente, dans les laboratoires visit&eacute;s, elle est cr&eacute;dible, r&eacute;aliste. L&rsquo;exercice d&rsquo;anticipation, con&ccedil;u au sein de la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te QSV peut ainsi outiller les &eacute;l&egrave;ves &agrave; &eacute;couter (&agrave; faire attention &agrave;) ce qui se d&eacute;roule actuellement afin de prendre appui sur les &eacute;v&eacute;nements contemporains de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; pr&eacute;voir m&eacute;thodiquement ce qui pourrait survenir dans un avenir plus ou moins &eacute;loign&eacute; mais non imaginaire. Contraindre le r&eacute;cit &agrave; prendre appui sur l&rsquo;ici et maintenant permet de r&eacute;duire les degr&eacute;s de libert&eacute;s, trop ouverts dans la science-fiction, de fa&ccedil;on &agrave; mieux armer la pens&eacute;e &eacute;thique dans ses jugements et &eacute;valuations. L&rsquo;anticipation recrute une d&eacute;marche prospective qui prend en compte l&rsquo;humain, le politique, la soci&eacute;t&eacute;, l&rsquo;&eacute;cologie. La technologie est bien l&agrave; dans l&rsquo;anticipation mais elle n&rsquo;est pas premi&egrave;re. Le roman d&rsquo;anticipation apporte un &eacute;l&eacute;ment prospectif &agrave; une fiction des intuitions (plus ou moins cr&eacute;dibles) de ce qui pourrait advenir. En ce sens on peut dire que l&rsquo;anticipation est une litt&eacute;rature engag&eacute;e, engagement qui pourrait nourrir les capacit&eacute;s critiques et d&rsquo;engagement citoyen revendiqu&eacute;es par la didactique des QSV.<o:p></o:p></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align:none; text-autospace:none"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight:normal"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Conclusion<o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1">Face aux enjeux de la performativit&eacute; des technosciences, &agrave; la rapidit&eacute; de mise sur le march&eacute; des innovations, la pens&eacute;e critique citoyenne est plus que jamais n&eacute;cessaire. La prise en charge de son enseignement &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole a surtout mis en avant la rigueur de la pens&eacute;e critique, la logique, l&rsquo;argumentation, la critique des m&eacute;dias et de l&rsquo;information, les facult&eacute;s de jugement rationnel. Il est d&eacute;sormais temps qu&rsquo;elle s&rsquo;empare des facult&eacute;s de penser le futur en d&eacute;veloppant des comp&eacute;tences prospectives. La modeste proposition de les travailler &agrave; travers la production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation nous semble prometteuse, d&rsquo;autant que le cadre de la d&eacute;marche d&rsquo;enqu&ecirc;te propos&eacute; par les chercheurs en didactique des QSV offre un guide p&eacute;dagogique pour pr&eacute;parer cette production de r&eacute;cits dans un cadre scolaire en menant une enqu&ecirc;te sur l&rsquo;&eacute;volution technologique &agrave; &eacute;prouver. <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align:justify;text-justify:inter-ideograph; text-indent:1.0cm;mso-line-height-alt:1.15pt;mso-pagination:none;mso-layout-grid-align: none;text-autospace:none"><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span><span style="color:black;mso-themecolor:text1"><o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></span></p> <p><strong>Bibliographie</strong><o:p></o:p></p> <p>Beck Ulrich, 2001, <em>La soci&eacute;t&eacute; du risque, sur la voie d&rsquo;une autre modernit&eacute;</em>, Paris, Flammarion.<o:p>&nbsp;</o:p></p> <p>Bedin V&eacute;ronique, 2013, &laquo;&nbsp;La recherche intervention en &eacute;ducation et en formation : une nouvelle forme de conduite d&rsquo;accompagnement du changement&nbsp;&raquo; dans Bedin V. 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mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria; mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin; mso-fareast-language:JA;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--><!--EndFragment--> <div> <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref1" name="_ftn1" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Projet interdisciplinaire Lettres, Fabienne Pl&eacute;gat-Soutjis, et Physique, Houria Kherfi, dans le cadre de l&rsquo;axe d&rsquo;&eacute;tude du th&egrave;me &laquo;&nbsp;R&ecirc;ves et progr&egrave;s scientifiques&nbsp;&raquo; bas&eacute; sur la production de r&eacute;cits d&rsquo;anticipation de 2014 &agrave; 2017 pour favoriser la comp&eacute;tence morale et &eacute;thique des &eacute;l&egrave;ves.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> <span style="color:#151515">Bouchareu (2016) s&rsquo;inspirant des travaux de P. Molinier (2010) &eacute;tablit un parall&egrave;le entre les pratiques enseignantes et les pratiques en milieu hospitalier. Elle invite &agrave; &eacute;tablir un lien entre les ressources quantifiables (activit&eacute; gestionnaire des ressources mat&eacute;rielles et humaines), la vision centr&eacute;e sur les sujets (les savoirs qualifi&eacute;s &ndash; connaissances acad&eacute;miques, capacit&eacute;s d&eacute;cisionnelles et d&rsquo;&eacute;laboration &ndash; les savoirs d&rsquo;ex&eacute;cution &ndash; gestes techniques et engagement affectif)) et&nbsp; &laquo;&nbsp;le travail en n&eacute;gatif&nbsp;&raquo; (travail vivant qui &eacute;chappe &agrave; la mesure, inestimable, expression d&eacute;velopp&eacute;e par Oury, 2008) pour saisir la cr&eacute;ation et l&rsquo;entretien d&rsquo;une relation &agrave; l&rsquo;autre dans les pratiques professionnelles. Elle souligne l&rsquo;importance de cette approche plurielle au risque d&rsquo;individualiser la responsabilit&eacute; de l&rsquo;&eacute;chec.</span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <span georgia="" style="font-family:"><span style="color:black">Voir &agrave; ce propos le projet de l&rsquo;Unesco &laquo;&nbsp;Des experts scientifiques de l&rsquo;Unesco explorent le droit des robots&nbsp;&raquo;, 15/09/2016, URL&nbsp;: </span></span><a href="http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_science_experts_explore_robots_rights/" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span georgia="" style="font-family:">http://www.unesco.org/new/fr/media-services/single-view/news/unesco_science_experts_explore_robots_rights/</span></a></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"> Les nanotechnologies sont l&rsquo;ensemble des technologies de fabrication et de manipulation de structure biologiques, chimiques physiques &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;chelle du nanom&egrave;tre soit 10<sup>-9</sup> m&egrave;tres, soit les mol&eacute;cules et atomes. Les technologies nanotechnologiques appliqu&eacute;es au domaine de la sant&eacute; correspondent &agrave; la nanom&eacute;decine.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><ins cite="mailto:Soutjis" datetime="2020-05-06T19:06"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><ins cite="mailto:Soutjis" datetime="2020-05-06T19:06">[5]</ins></span></span></span></ins></span></span></span></span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black"><span class="msoIns" style="text-decoration:underline"><span style="color:teal"><ins cite="mailto:Soutjis" datetime="2020-05-06T19:06"> </ins></span></span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="color:black">Le Center for Nanotechnology in Society teste par exemple des sujets d&rsquo;&eacute;criture tels que &laquo;&nbsp;vivre avec une puce dans le cerveau&nbsp;: une puce cr&acirc;nienne d&eacute;livre des informations dans le cerveau de l&rsquo;utilisateur pendant son sommeil&nbsp;&raquo;. C&rsquo;est un questionnement anthropologique qui contribue &agrave; produire, &agrave; orienter la recherche scientifique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn6"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref6" name="_ftn6" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[6]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:#323232">&laquo;&nbsp;Entretien avec Paul Ric&oelig;ur&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>Le Philosophoire</i>, vol. 15, no. 3, 2001, pp. 9-21.</span></span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn7"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="font-family:" times=""><a href="#_ftnref7" name="_ftn7" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline" title=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times="">[7]</span></span></span></span></span></a> <span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#181818">&laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;tymologiquement, l&rsquo;<i>auctoritas</i> vient du verbe <i>augere</i>&nbsp;; &agrave; ce titre, elle s&rsquo;entend comme un &laquo;&nbsp;faire appara&icirc;tre&nbsp;&raquo; (= cr&eacute;er) et comme un &laquo;&nbsp;re-fonder garantissant&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;: voil&agrave; du moins ce que &Eacute;mile Benveniste a montr&eacute; dans son c&eacute;l&egrave;bre <i>Vocabulaire des institutions indo-europ&eacute;ennes</i>&nbsp;&raquo;, Audi Paul, &laquo;&nbsp;S&eacute;mantique de l&#39;autorit&eacute; (quelques remarques)&nbsp;&raquo;,&nbsp;<i>La lettre de l&#39;enfance et de l&#39;adolescence</i> 4/2002 (n<sup>o</sup> 50) , p.&nbsp;15-22 - URL : </span></span><a href="http://www.cairn.info/revue-lettre-de-l-enfance-et-de-l-adolescence-2002-4-page-15.htm" style="color:blue; text-decoration:underline"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span style="color:#181818"><span style="text-decoration:none"><span style="text-underline:none">www.cairn.info/revue-lettre-de-l-enfance-et-de-l-adolescence-2002-4-page-15.htm</span></span></span></span></a></span></span></p> </div> </div>