<p style="text-indent: 1cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Cl&eacute;ment Barniaudy, </span></span></i></span></span></span><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Ma&icirc;tre de conf&eacute;rences en g&eacute;ographie, UM/LIRDEF</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 1cm; text-align: center;"><u><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">clement.barniaudy@umontpellier.fr</span></span></i></span></span></span></u></p> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:center; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p align="center" class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:center; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:16.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Prendre soin du milieu, pr&eacute;server la Terre :&nbsp;<br /> le care au service d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique de l&rsquo;action</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><a href="https://tepcare.hypotheses.org/files/2020/06/C.-Barniaudy-Notos-5-2020-1.pdf"><strong><span style="color:#2980b9;">T&eacute;l&eacute;charger l&#39;article complet en format PDF</span></strong></a></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">La crise environnementale plan&eacute;taire et le r&eacute;chauffement climatique ont impos&eacute; de nouvelles tonalit&eacute;s &agrave; nos mani&egrave;res de penser et d&rsquo;agir sur Terre. D&eacute;sormais plac&eacute; sous le signe de la vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; et de la r&eacute;silience, l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement des territoires ne peut ignorer les cons&eacute;quences de ses paradigmes d&rsquo;action sur l&rsquo;&eacute;quilibre des milieux habit&eacute;s incluant les mondes humains et non humains. Mais comment r&eacute;pondre aux risques d&rsquo;effondrement global sans retomber dans une utopie technicienne du contr&ocirc;le qui ne cesse de faire violence aux relations subtiles que tissent les habitants au sein de leur milieu&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Notre hypoth&egrave;se consiste ici &agrave; explorer l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique du <i>care </i>pour penser &agrave; la fois le souci et le soin du milieu et de la Terre dans son ensemble. Avant d&rsquo;initier cette r&eacute;flexion et de l&rsquo;ancrer dans la r&eacute;alit&eacute; du terrain, nous proposons ici de partir d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude de cas r&eacute;alis&eacute; dans le cadre de notre th&egrave;se de doctorat (Barniaudy, 2016) permettant de situer quelques-uns des grands enjeux d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement actuels. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Style12" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="Style12" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;oubli du milieu habit&eacute; en am&eacute;nagement : l&rsquo;exemple de &laquo;&nbsp;l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan</span></span><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&nbsp;&raquo;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan constitue une &eacute;tude de cas particuli&egrave;rement int&eacute;ressante pour notre sujet tant elle regroupe une grande partie des enjeux actuels concernant le rapport entre am&eacute;nagement du territoire, milieu et habiter. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">A son origine, en 2008, le parc &eacute;olien s&rsquo;inscrit dans un projet plus large de production d&rsquo;&eacute;nergies renouvelables (&eacute;lectricit&eacute; d&rsquo;origine &eacute;olienne, solaire, biologique et r&eacute;seau de chaleur) regroup&eacute;es sur un territoire relativement restreint, &agrave; l&rsquo;ouest du p&eacute;rim&egrave;tre de l&rsquo;intercommunalit&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;Perpignan M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e Communaut&eacute; d&rsquo;Agglom&eacute;ration&nbsp;&raquo; (PMCA). Ce projet appel&eacute; &laquo;&nbsp;&eacute;co-parc catalan &raquo; et port&eacute; par PMCA, concerne alors quatre communes&nbsp;: P&eacute;zilla-la-Rivi&egrave;re, Villeneuve-la-Rivi&egrave;re, Baixas et Villeneuve-la-Rivi&egrave;re. Le parc &eacute;olien r&eacute;alis&eacute;, dix ans apr&egrave;s le lancement du projet, constitue effectivement la pi&egrave;ce majeure du projet initial avec l&rsquo;installation de 35 &eacute;oliennes pour une puissance totale de 96 MW, ce qui en fait le second parc &eacute;olien fran&ccedil;ais fin 2018. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Style13" style="text-indent:1cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><i><span style="font-weight:normal">Strat&eacute;gies et logiques des acteurs porteurs de l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Le projet de l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien prend naissance en 2008, suite au Grenelle de l&rsquo;environnement 1 (Juillet &ndash; Octobre 2007), sous l&rsquo;impulsion de PMCA et en particulier de son pr&eacute;sident, Jean-Paul Alduy qui per&ccedil;oit dans les &eacute;nergies renouvelables un potentiel &eacute;conomique tr&egrave;s important pour son territoire. L&rsquo;ancien maire de Perpignan et pr&eacute;sident de PMCA de 2000 &agrave; 2014 envisage m&ecirc;me un projet <i>&laquo;&nbsp;unique au monde&nbsp;&raquo;,</i> le &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Futuroscope des &eacute;nergies renouvelables que le monde entier viendra visiter&nbsp;&raquo; </i>(L&rsquo;Ind&eacute;pendant, 31/01/2012). </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;id&eacute;e pour cet acteur principal du projet est de permettre au territoire perpignanais <i>de gagner en visibilit&eacute;, de se distinguer en</i> <i>devenant territoire &agrave; &eacute;nergie positive, d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre reconnu donc comme un espace engag&eacute; dans dynamiques vertueuses du d&eacute;veloppement durable</i>.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Pr&eacute;cisons que l&rsquo;&eacute;nergie &eacute;olienne pr&eacute;sente un tr&egrave;s faible d&eacute;veloppement dans le d&eacute;partement des Pyr&eacute;n&eacute;es-Orientales en 2008 alors m&ecirc;me que la plaine du Roussillon est identifi&eacute;e d&egrave;s la fin des ann&eacute;es 1980 comme un des principaux gisements &eacute;oliens europ&eacute;ens<strong><a href="#cb1" name="lien cb1"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[1]</span></a><span style="color:#2980b9;">.</span></strong> &nbsp;Ce tr&egrave;s faible d&eacute;veloppement du secteur &eacute;olien au niveau local s&rsquo;inscrit en contradiction avec un contexte global pourtant porteur ; en effet, la fili&egrave;re &eacute;olienne devient tr&egrave;s rapidement une fili&egrave;re mature au niveau technologique. Elle para&icirc;t la plus &agrave; m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;assumer la nouvelle orientation des politiques publiques pour r&eacute;duire le r&eacute;chauffement climatique et les &eacute;missions de gaz &agrave; effet de serre. Et malgr&eacute; les critiques sur le bilan carbone des a&eacute;rog&eacute;n&eacute;rateurs, l&rsquo;&eacute;olienne semble de plus en plus souveraine dans une soci&eacute;t&eacute; postindustrielle qui entend prendre le pli d&rsquo;un d&eacute;veloppement durable. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Cette non-exploitation au niveau local d&rsquo;un des plus grands gisements &eacute;oliens d&rsquo;Europe, dans un contexte global o&ugrave; tout converge vers la production massive des &eacute;nergies renouvelables, constitue un argument de poids pour PMCA qui diffuse l&rsquo;id&eacute;e d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;retard&nbsp;&raquo; absurde du secteur &eacute;olien sur son p&eacute;rim&egrave;tre d&rsquo;action. Et cette volont&eacute; politique affich&eacute;e par PMCA d&rsquo;enrayer enfin le retard pris par les Pyr&eacute;n&eacute;es-Orientales arrive au moment m&ecirc;me (2008) o&ugrave; le projet de ligne &agrave; <i>Tr&egrave;s Haute Tension (</i>THT ou MAT) entre la France et l&rsquo;Espagne investit leur territoire administratif. PMCA rencontre alors l&rsquo;appui d&rsquo;un acteur de poids dans le secteur &eacute;nerg&eacute;tique&nbsp;: la nouvelle filiale EDF Energies Nouvelles qui est choisi pour &ecirc;tre le d&eacute;veloppeur &eacute;olien du projet et en devient le seul investisseur. </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">EDF EN a par ailleurs commenc&eacute; &agrave; d&eacute;marcher directement, d&egrave;s le d&eacute;but des ann&eacute;es 2000, des propri&eacute;taires viticoles de la plaine, souvent en difficult&eacute; &eacute;conomique. D&eacute;cid&eacute; &agrave; exploiter le gisement &eacute;olien abondant de la plaine du Roussillon, EDF EN privil&eacute;gie, dans une logique &eacute;conomique et technique, le choix d&rsquo;un grand parc &eacute;olien qui s&rsquo;int&egrave;gre bien &agrave; la structure du r&eacute;seau &eacute;lectrique fran&ccedil;ais (tr&egrave;s centralis&eacute; en raison du poids de l&rsquo;&eacute;lectricit&eacute; d&rsquo;origine nucl&eacute;aire). Ce choix justifie &eacute;galement l&rsquo;extension du </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">transformateur de Baixas&nbsp;sur la THT transfrontali&egrave;re. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_393_13_figure 1 éco parc catalan1.jpg" style="width: 624px; height: 849px;" /></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0070c0">Figure 1. Sch&eacute;ma des acteurs porteurs du projet d&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan</span></span></span></b><br /> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:#0070c0">(Barniaudy, 2016 ; les fl&egrave;ches repr&eacute;sentent des interactions, les plus importantes &eacute;tant plus &eacute;paisses)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-indent: 35.4pt; text-align: center;">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:35.4pt"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Le projet d&rsquo;&eacute;co-parc catalan promu par PMCA et EDF EN se construit &eacute;galement gr&acirc;ce au r&ocirc;le d&rsquo;acteurs locaux favorables au d&eacute;veloppement des &eacute;nergies renouvelables sur leurs communes. Les arguments du d&eacute;veloppeur &eacute;olien repris par les &eacute;lus consistent &agrave; avancer l&rsquo;id&eacute;e que, gr&acirc;ce </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">aux taxes li&eacute;es &agrave; l&rsquo;implantation des &eacute;oliennes, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">le secteur viticole en difficult&eacute; mais aussi le patrimoine et la culture locale pourront conna&icirc;tre un second souffle.</span></span> <span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Enfin, PMCA rencontre l&rsquo;appui et le soutien d&rsquo;entreprises et de laboratoires de recherche qui s&rsquo;inscrivent dans un contexte local bien particulier<strong><a href="#_ftn2" name="_ftnref2"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[2]</span></a></strong>&nbsp;et</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> entendent d&eacute;velopper des supports techniques (logiciels)<b> </b>pour optimiser l&rsquo;exploitation des parcs &eacute;oliens. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Le r&ocirc;le de PMCA est donc d&rsquo;avoir &eacute;t&eacute; le catalyseur d&rsquo;un projet de territoire donnant une orientation commune et une unit&eacute; aux projets existants et port&eacute;s par diff&eacute;rents acteurs (figure 1). Tout semble converger vers la r&eacute;alisation des intentions de PMCA qui entend faire de son territoire un laboratoire des &eacute;nergies renouvelables, d&rsquo;un point de vue scientifique, politique et &eacute;conomique, gr&acirc;ce &agrave; des relations vertueuses entre acteurs publics et acteurs priv&eacute;s.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="Style13" style="text-indent:1cm; text-align:justify; margin-bottom:13px"><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><i><span style="font-weight:normal">Freins, contestations et conflits autour de l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan</span></i></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">PMCA lance v&eacute;ritablement son projet le 18 janvier 2008 en signant une convention cadre &laquo;&nbsp;Grenelle de l&rsquo;environnement 2015&nbsp;&raquo; avec le minist&egrave;re de l&rsquo;&eacute;cologie et du d&eacute;veloppement et de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement durables, les pr&eacute;fets de d&eacute;partement et de r&eacute;gion. La phase op&eacute;rationnelle du projet commence alors r&eacute;ellement. Mais rapidement des freins et des contestations apparaissent, d&eacute;bouchant sur un v&eacute;ritable conflit d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement. Outre les freins techniques (en raison d&rsquo;interf&eacute;rences probables entre les &eacute;oliennes projet&eacute;es et le radar m&eacute;t&eacute;orologique d&rsquo;Opoul ainsi que les radars de l&rsquo;aviation civile et militaire), la contestation se structure autour de trois types d&rsquo;acteurs. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Les premiers acteurs oppos&eacute;s au projet sont constitu&eacute;s de viticulteurs qui </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="line-height:115%"><span style="color:black">se montrent de <i>prime abord</i> plut&ocirc;t m&eacute;fiants envers les propositions d&rsquo;EDF EN. Le profil type de ces viticulteurs &ndash; bien que non homog&egrave;ne &ndash; est celui de viticulteurs ayant fait un effort important pour restructurer leur exploitation vitivinicole&nbsp;; devenus propri&eacute;taires-exploitants, ils ont r&eacute;ussi &agrave; rendre leurs activit&eacute;s viables &eacute;conomiquement en int&eacute;grant un processus parfois long de labellisation en agriculture biologique ou raisonn&eacute;e. Ils sont ainsi tr&egrave;s sensibles &agrave; l&rsquo;avis d&eacute;favorable au projet &eacute;nonc&eacute; par </span></span></span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">l&rsquo;INAO (Institut National de l&rsquo;Origine et de la Qualit&eacute;) qui menace de d&eacute;classer les appellations d&rsquo;origine contr&ocirc;l&eacute;e (AOC) des vignobles concern&eacute;s par l&rsquo;implantation des &eacute;oliennes <span style="background:white">en raison d&rsquo;une possible d&eacute;gradations des conditions agronomiques des sols et de la configuration paysag&egrave;re du vignoble du Riberal. Ces viticulteurs se distinguent donc de ceux qui sont favorables au projet (en plus grand nombre) dont la plupart sont membres de coop&eacute;ratives viticoles en crise. Ils d&eacute;noncent une vision comptable &agrave; court terme de leurs confr&egrave;res, attir&eacute;s par les r&eacute;mun&eacute;rations fixes propos&eacute;es par EDF EN (prix locatif pour les parcelles d&rsquo;implantations &eacute;oliennes et/ou un prix d&rsquo;indemnit&eacute; pour les parcelles proches et d&rsquo;acc&egrave;s), qui ne per&ccedil;oivent pas les impacts potentiellement n&eacute;gatifs d&rsquo;installations de type industriel sur la vie et l&rsquo;image des exploitations viticoles de la r&eacute;gion. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Le second type d&rsquo;acteurs rejetant le projet est compos&eacute; d&rsquo;habitants, regroup&eacute;s en association, des communes limitrophes du parc &eacute;olien. Bien que proche des viticulteurs, leurs arguments se font plus savants et portent notamment sur la n&eacute;cessaire pr&eacute;servation d&rsquo;un patrimoine naturel exceptionnel (40 esp&egrave;ces pr&eacute;serv&eacute;es, schistes concass&eacute;s, etc.). Une partie de ces habitants, des <i>n&eacute;o-ruraux</i> install&eacute;s r&eacute;cemment dans la zone, s&rsquo;inqui&egrave;tent de l&rsquo;industrialisation d&rsquo;un&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;environnement&nbsp;naturel&nbsp;&raquo; dans lequel ils entendent profiter du calme, de randonn&eacute;es &agrave; pied sans voiture, de jardins proches de la nature. La contestation des &laquo;&nbsp;natifs&nbsp;&raquo; du village se structure davantage autour d&rsquo;une dimension affective et v&eacute;cue du paysage, d&eacute;non&ccedil;ant ce qu&rsquo;ils ressentent comme une destruction de leur milieu de vie. Certains habitants de Corneilla-la-Rivi&egrave;re insistent par exemple sur l&rsquo;intrusion inacceptable d&rsquo;objets d&eacute;mesur&eacute;s, si proche du massif de For&ccedil;a Real, haut-lieu de leur territorialit&eacute;&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF></w:DoNotPromoteQF> <w:LidThemeOther>FR</w:LidThemeOther> 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<w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-language:EN-US">Moi c&rsquo;&eacute;tait un terrain, une vigne qui &eacute;tait de mon p&egrave;re, c&rsquo;est plus du tout &agrave; moi&hellip; mais l&agrave;, sur le terrain, on voit&hellip; c&rsquo;est immense&hellip; c&rsquo;est m&ecirc;me stressant&hellip; on se sent agress&eacute; mais vraiment, on se sent agress&eacute; physiquement. On avait quelque chose de beau et maintenant pour des enfants du village, c&rsquo;est terrible (Entretien avec une habitante de Corneilla, 3/12/2015).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%;mso-fareast-font-family:Calibri; mso-fareast-language:EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;attaque port&eacute;e au paysage sensible et naturel est donc aussi une attaque contre ce qui donne sens &agrave; la vie du village. Enfin, le troisi&egrave;me type d&rsquo;acteurs, recoupant parfois les deux autres, est constitu&eacute; </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">d&rsquo;&eacute;lus et d&rsquo;actifs qui apportent deux nouveaux arguments. Ils critiquent tout d&rsquo;abord le choix &agrave; court terme des &eacute;nergies renouvelables alors que la vocation &eacute;conomique du territoire est plut&ocirc;t, pour eux, r&eacute;sidentielle (l&rsquo;accueil de touristes, de retrait&eacute;s ou </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">de jeunes couples d&eacute;sireux d&rsquo;&eacute;lever leur enfant dans un milieu pr&eacute;serv&eacute;). Mais ce que ces acteurs critiquent aussi et surtout, ce sont </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">les m&eacute;thodes d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement&nbsp;et les d&eacute;marches employ&eacute;es par les porteurs du projet&nbsp;; en effet, </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">selon certains &eacute;lus de Corneilla-la-Rivi&egrave;re, le projet leur a &eacute;t&eacute; pr&eacute;sent&eacute; comme un <i>projet fini</i> avec des cartes montrant l&rsquo;emplacement de toutes les &eacute;oliennes sans qu&rsquo;aucune consultation pr&eacute;alable de la municipalit&eacute; n&rsquo;ait &eacute;t&eacute; effectu&eacute;e&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;<i>Tout &eacute;tait d&eacute;j&agrave; mont&eacute; avec les photos, tout, les lieux, tout, tout, tout et sans m&ecirc;me nous avoir parl&eacute; avant</i>&nbsp;&raquo; (Entretien avec la mairie de Corneilla, 3/12/15). Et malgr&eacute; les demandes de concertation puis le recours devant le tribunal administratif de cette municipalit&eacute;, aucune attention n&rsquo;est jamais r&eacute;ellement port&eacute;e &agrave; ces habitants du milieu dont les consid&eacute;rations d&eacute;passent les simples int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts &eacute;conomiques pour impliquer toutes les dimensions de l&rsquo;habiter. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan, reflet des difficult&eacute;s pour d&eacute;passer l&rsquo;imp&eacute;ratif moral du d&eacute;veloppement durable </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;exemple de l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan pose, &agrave; notre avis, un probl&egrave;me fondamental&nbsp;qui d&eacute;passe le seul domaine de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement&nbsp;: celui de l&rsquo;action dans un contexte marqu&eacute; par une difficile articulation entre les enjeux d&rsquo;&eacute;chelle globale et ceux d&rsquo;&eacute;chelle locale. Au niveau plan&eacute;taire, un consensus semble &eacute;merger, &eacute;tay&eacute; par une masse critique d&rsquo;&eacute;tudes scientifiques de plus en plus importante, sur la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;un changement, d&rsquo;une transition face &agrave; l&rsquo;ampleur des perturbations &eacute;cologiques et climatiques se manifestant r&eacute;cemment sur Terre. Et c&rsquo;est cette n&eacute;cessit&eacute; m&ecirc;me qui est appropri&eacute; par des acteurs forts &ndash; comme la communaut&eacute; d&rsquo;agglom&eacute;ration de Perpignan ou EDF Energies nouvelles dans le cas de l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan - justifiant leurs plans d&rsquo;action par un <i>imp&eacute;ratif moral</i>, simple et implacable : il serait irresponsable de ne faire face &agrave; l&rsquo;urgence climatique et environnementale.<b> </b></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Si la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;un tournant ne semble pas contestable &agrave; une &eacute;chelle globale, on constate pourtant sur le terrain, &agrave; l&rsquo;exemple de ce grand parc &eacute;olien proche de Perpignan, une certaine violence</span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%"> des modes d&rsquo;action choisis par les acteurs pour am&eacute;nager l&rsquo;espace. Cette violence est le plus souvent discr&egrave;te dans le sens o&ugrave; elle invisibilise et exclut un certain nombre d&rsquo;acteurs &laquo;&nbsp;faibles&nbsp;&raquo; du territoire, &laquo;&nbsp;ceux qui ne crient pas&nbsp;&raquo;<strong><a href="#_ftn3" name="_ftnref3"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[3]</span></a></strong> par exemple dans les r&eacute;unions de concertation (c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire ceux n&rsquo;ayant pas d&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t &eacute;conomique particulier), mais entendent simplement habiter la Terre, dans toutes les dimensions de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience g&eacute;ographique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Et l&rsquo;oubli de l&rsquo;habiter en am&eacute;nagement se double encore et toujours d&rsquo;une pens&eacute;e moderne et dualiste, faisant de la Nature un r&eacute;servoir de ressources exploitables, un support distinct des soci&eacute;t&eacute;s qui les habitent (Barniaudy, 2018). Alors que les discours empreints de durabilit&eacute; affichent leur mue en vantant l&rsquo;importance de l&rsquo;environnement, d&rsquo;un respect de la nature pour pouvoir transmettre aux g&eacute;n&eacute;rations futures un monde habitable, les pratiques d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement ont en r&eacute;alit&eacute; bien du mal &agrave; sortir d&rsquo;un fonctionnement tautologique o&ugrave; les m&ecirc;mes principes d&rsquo;action produisent les m&ecirc;mes effets que ceux &agrave; l&rsquo;origine de la crise environnementale actuelle (Soubeyran, 2014). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Cette &eacute;tude de cas sur l&rsquo;ensemble &eacute;olien catalan ne constitue donc qu&rsquo;un exemple de pratiques largement r&eacute;pandues et dominantes en am&eacute;nagement o&ugrave; la prise en compte du milieu sensible et v&eacute;cu, des multiples dimensions de l&rsquo;habiter, est constamment rel&eacute;gu&eacute;e derri&egrave;re les arguments technico-&eacute;conomiques. Car ce qui est finalement incompr&eacute;hensible pour ces habitants oppos&eacute;s au projet de parc &eacute;olien, c&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;un discours fond&eacute; sur des valeurs positives (durabilit&eacute;, renouvelable) pr&eacute;tende am&eacute;liorer les conditions d&rsquo;une bonne habitabilit&eacute; sur Terre alors m&ecirc;me qu&rsquo;il g&eacute;n&egrave;re sur le terrain une violence discr&egrave;te, un sentiment d&rsquo;injustice face &agrave; des logiques et des acteurs n&rsquo;ayant aucune consid&eacute;ration pour leur mani&egrave;re de vivre<strong><a href="#_ftn4" name="_ftnref4"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[4]</span></a></strong>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">De l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique du<i> care</i> pour transformer nos actions</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">La multiplication des conflits et des controverses en am&eacute;nagement ne peut se r&eacute;duire selon nous &agrave; une explication de type sociopolitique affirmant que notre soci&eacute;t&eacute;, empreinte de valeurs n&eacute;olib&eacute;rales et d&rsquo;un individualisme exacerb&eacute;, ne pourrait plus agir selon une vision commune (Subra, 2018). Plus profond&eacute;ment, ce type de conflit nous semble relever de consid&eacute;rations divergentes dans la mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;envisager les relations au sein d&rsquo;une soci&eacute;t&eacute; mais aussi et surtout les rapports entre humains et non humains. C&rsquo;est donc une question &eacute;thique et ontologique, dans le sens qu&rsquo;en donne plusieurs anthropologues r&eacute;cemment (Descola, 2005&nbsp;; Escobar, 2018), qui sous-tend ce genre de conflictualit&eacute;s aujourd&rsquo;hui. D&egrave;s lors, la question difficile qui se pose est la suivante&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Comment prendre soin du milieu habit&eacute; tout en r&eacute;pondant &agrave; la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; &eacute;thique d&rsquo;am&eacute;nager (ou plut&ocirc;t de m&eacute;nager) les territoires pour pr&eacute;server l&rsquo;habitabilit&eacute; de la Terre fragilis&eacute;e par les changements globaux d&rsquo;origine anthropique ?</span></span></i> </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du care&nbsp;: une &eacute;thique de l&rsquo;attention </span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i> nous semble d&rsquo;un grand int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; cette probl&eacute;matique. Tout d&rsquo;abord, parce qu&rsquo;&agrave; la diff&eacute;rence des principes de philosophie morale et politique dominants dans nos soci&eacute;t&eacute;s occidentales, les penseur(e)s du <i>care</i> mettent au centre de leur r&eacute;flexions une &eacute;thique de<i> l&rsquo;attention</i> (Laugier<i> </i>dans Paperman, Laugier, 2011). Une attention au double sens de &laquo;&nbsp;faire attention &agrave;&nbsp;&raquo; et &laquo;&nbsp;d&rsquo;attirer l&rsquo;attention&nbsp;sur&nbsp;&raquo;, qui implique une capacit&eacute; &agrave; percevoir, &agrave; rendre visible, non pas des r&eacute;alit&eacute;s objectives &ndash; par exemple un gisement &eacute;olien &agrave; exploiter - mais des gestes, des expressions, des relations subtiles, des mondes &agrave; habiter. Autrement dit, l&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i> nous am&egrave;ne &agrave; consid&eacute;rer avant tout les relations de proximit&eacute;, le souci des vies ordinaires qui tissent nos mondes sociaux, en permette le fonctionnement. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Et cette attention entendue comme capacit&eacute; perceptive ne se limite pas seulement &agrave; l&rsquo;humain mais s&rsquo;&eacute;tend &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement, au vivant dans son ensemble (Laugier, 2015). Car, pr&ecirc;ter attention au <i>quotidien v&eacute;cu</i>, c&rsquo;est aussi comprendre ce qui le rend habitable. C&rsquo;est faire sortir de l&rsquo;indiff&eacute;rence tous les processus qui permettent cette habitabilit&eacute;, toutes les pratiques souvent peu valoris&eacute;es du soin, de bienveillance, d&rsquo;empathie ou de compassion qui nourrissent nos affects et nous am&egrave;nent &agrave; nous sentir partie prenante d&rsquo;un m&ecirc;me monde. C&rsquo;est retrouver et faire entendre les voix qui r&eacute;sistent aux dissociations (moi/autrui, esprit/corps, raison/&eacute;motion, soci&eacute;t&eacute;/nature) pour redonner de la valeur &agrave; ce qu&rsquo;une &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;sence attentive&nbsp;&raquo; &agrave; soi et &agrave; l&rsquo;autre implique (Gilligan, 2008 [1982]). Une pr&eacute;sence qui ne permet rien de moins que le d&eacute;ploiement du bien-&ecirc;tre dans la vie. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Et contrairement &agrave; ce que l&rsquo;on pourrait croire, cette pr&eacute;sence attentive ne va pas de soi. Elle se fait m&ecirc;me de plus en plus pr&eacute;cieuse dans une &eacute;poque marqu&eacute;e par la digitalisation et une hybridation technologique nouvelle (Benasayag, 2016). Il faut bien reconna&icirc;tre que notre attention est aujourd&rsquo;hui devenue un <i>bien rare</i> que toutes sortes d&rsquo;entreprises ou d&rsquo;acteurs tentent de capter pour en tirer profit (Citton, 2014). Pr&ecirc;ter attention au proche, au particulier, &agrave; ce qui n&rsquo;a pas de prix, ce qui est en apparence inutile, non repr&eacute;sentable, est donc aussi un geste politique, une sorte d&rsquo;insoumission face &agrave; la soci&eacute;t&eacute; n&eacute;olib&eacute;rale et technicienne qui veut tout optimiser, maximiser la valeur de notre attention, la s&eacute;duire aussi en lui proposant ce qui est d&eacute;j&agrave; connu, ce qui nous conforte dans nos habitudes ou nous pousse &agrave; consommer. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Et si l&rsquo;on peut parler d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique de l&rsquo;attention dans les th&eacute;ories et pratiques du <i>care</i>, c&rsquo;est justement parce qu&rsquo;elles nous invitent &agrave; sortir de cette torpeur captive, de cette vis&eacute;e marchande et finalement nihiliste de l&rsquo;attention. Plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment, la dimension pratique de toute philosophie du <i>care</i>, bien mis en &eacute;vidence par les auteur.e.s ayant analys&eacute;es les m&eacute;tiers du soin, nous engage &agrave; op&eacute;rer une r&eacute;volution &agrave; la fois perceptive et &eacute;thique (Paperman, Laugier, 2011). Une r&eacute;volution dans le sens o&ugrave; ce qui nous importe - ce &agrave; quoi nous &laquo;&nbsp;faisons attention&nbsp;&raquo; et ce dont nous &laquo;&nbsp;prenons soin&nbsp;&raquo; - n&rsquo;est plus limit&eacute; &agrave; notre petit monde priv&eacute; (notre famille, nos amis ou nos connaissances) mais s&rsquo;&eacute;largit pour inclure un tissu de plus en plus large de relations au sein de laquelle notre exp&eacute;rience peut se d&eacute;ployer. Et &agrave; mesure que notre capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;attention s&rsquo;affine produisant une &laquo;&nbsp;aperception claire&nbsp;&raquo; (<i>awareness</i>) de la multitude des &ecirc;tres et des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes souvent invisibles et n&eacute;glig&eacute;s dont nous d&eacute;pendons au quotidien, c&rsquo;est aussi une autre vision de notre responsabilit&eacute; et de notre engagement sur Terre qui peut s&rsquo;actualiser. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Cette d&eacute;couverte rendue possible par de nouvelles aptitudes &agrave; percevoir les liens invisibles qui sous-tendent notre condition d&rsquo;habitant sur Terre nous am&egrave;ne &agrave; rompre avec l&rsquo;attitude quelque peu orgueilleuse du <i>self-made man</i>, qui pr&eacute;tend exister par lui-m&ecirc;me. Autrement dit, elle nous fait sortir du r&eacute;cit n&eacute;olib&eacute;ral concurrentiel o&ugrave; les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts priv&eacute;s du moi seraient s&eacute;par&eacute;s (voire oppos&eacute;s) &agrave; celui de la plupart des autres. Au contraire, ici, le souci de soi est d&eacute;j&agrave; souci des autres puisque nous ne saurions exister sans ce qui n&rsquo;est pas nous. On retrouve ici un autre concept central d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i>, qui insiste sur l&rsquo;importance de reconna&icirc;tre nos <i>relations d&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance</i>, d&rsquo;en prendre conscience, pour soutenir le maillage complexe du vivant (Tronto, 2009 [1993]). Et cette d&eacute;couverte r&eacute;sonne aussi avec la mise en &eacute;vidence de nos <i>vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute;s</i>, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire la fragilit&eacute; de nos conditions d&rsquo;habiter sur Terre, conditions d&rsquo;habiter d&eacute;pendante d&rsquo;une cohabitation avec les autres (humains et non humains). &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Les &eacute;chelles du Spatial Care&nbsp;</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Pour le g&eacute;ographe que nous sommes, les th&eacute;ories d&eacute;velopp&eacute;es autour du<i> care</i> ont aussi une saveur particuli&egrave;re car elles incluent une analyse &agrave; diff&eacute;rentes &eacute;chelles. Les relations de <i>care</i> et les responsabilit&eacute;s qui en d&eacute;coulent s&rsquo;ancrent en effet &agrave; un niveau local (relations particuli&egrave;res ou directes du <i>caregiving</i>) mais aussi &agrave; un niveau plus large, national voire mondial (relations institutionnelles ou d&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendances plus indirectes). L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care </i>ne saurait donc &ecirc;tre r&eacute;duite &agrave; des consid&eacute;rations morales s&rsquo;exer&ccedil;ant dans l&rsquo;espace proche et interpersonnel. Elle implique au contraire l&rsquo;espace mondial dans son ensemble du fait de l&rsquo;imbrication des acteurs (&Eacute;tats, entreprises, citoyens, etc) exer&ccedil;ant leur responsabilit&eacute; dans un monde de plus en plus interd&eacute;pendant (<i>ibidem).</i> Et dans la perspective d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique du <i>care,</i> le sens des responsabilit&eacute;s ne d&eacute;pend plus seulement de principes moraux relatifs &agrave; l&rsquo;id&eacute;e de justice mais des relations tiss&eacute;es entre acteurs, sur la base d&rsquo;exp&eacute;riences concr&egrave;tes aussi simples que se nourrir ou s&rsquo;habiller, et d&rsquo;une attention &agrave; ces relations. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">A la suite de Michel Lussault, nous sommes tent&eacute;s de spatialiser encore davantage cette analyse multi-scalaire du <i>care </i>pour proposer une th&eacute;orie du <i>spatial care,</i> qui transforme la d&eacute;finition g&eacute;n&eacute;rique du <i>care</i> donn&eacute;e par Joan Tronto, comme &eacute;tant : </span></span></span></span></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF></w:DoNotPromoteQF> 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5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 5"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="46" Name="List Table 1 Light Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="47" Name="List Table 2 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="48" Name="List Table 3 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="49" Name="List Table 4 Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="50" Name="List Table 5 Dark Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="51" Name="List Table 6 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="52" Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Toute activit&eacute; g&eacute;n&eacute;rique qui comprend tout ce que nous faisons pour maintenir, perp&eacute;tuer et r&eacute;parer notre <i>habitat et les principes de notre cohabitation</i>, de sorte que nous puissions vivre aussi bien que possible <i>dans notre &eacute;coum&egrave;ne&nbsp;&raquo;&nbsp;</i>(Lussault, 2018, p. 207&nbsp;; les termes en italique sont ceux qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; modifi&eacute;s par l&rsquo;auteur).</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <!--EndFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Cette d&eacute;finition &eacute;largit le souci des autres au-del&agrave; de l&rsquo;espace social mondialis&eacute; pour inclure la Terre comme demeure que les &ecirc;tres humains partagent avec d&rsquo;autres des &ecirc;tres sensibles. Elle naturalise ou &laquo;&nbsp;cosmicise&nbsp;&raquo; donc en quelque sorte notre exp&eacute;rience d&rsquo;habitant au sein de l&rsquo;&eacute;coum&egrave;ne. Et en m&ecirc;me temps, elle aborde une autre dimension tr&egrave;s importante du <i>spatial care</i>, notre habitat ou plus exactement notre <i>milieu spatial de vie</i> au sein duquel se construit un certain sens g&eacute;ographique relatif &agrave; une cohabitation sp&eacute;cifique entre certains &ecirc;tres sensibles, humains et non humains. La prise en consid&eacute;ration de ces deux dimensions du <i>spatial care</i> nous semble &agrave; la fois possible mais aussi n&eacute;cessaire dans le contexte actuel de crise &eacute;cologique. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">La perception de notre interd&eacute;pendance et de notre vuln&eacute;rabilit&eacute; s&rsquo;ancre en effet bien dans un certain <i>milieu sp&eacute;cifique</i><b> </b>(dans le sens d&rsquo;<i>Umwelt </i>ou de monde ambiant). Ce milieu constitue un <i>monde qui fait sens pour celui qui l&rsquo;habite</i>, en opposition &agrave; un environnement donn&eacute; et universel (<i>Umgebung</i>) qui reste une abstraction (Berque,&nbsp;2013). Et contrairement au paradigme moderne, la r&eacute;alit&eacute; concr&egrave;te de l&rsquo;habitant n&rsquo;est pas celle d&rsquo;un espace ext&eacute;rieur &agrave; lui-m&ecirc;me dont il se sentirait d&eacute;tach&eacute; et auquel il ne pourrait acc&eacute;der que par la repr&eacute;sentation. Il s&rsquo;agit bien plut&ocirc;t d&rsquo;un <i>milieu</i> (dans ses dimensions &eacute;cologiques, techniques et symboliques pour reprendre les cat&eacute;gories d&rsquo;Augustin Berque) qui garantit le lien entre son esprit, son corps et les autres &ecirc;tres et ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes avec lesquels ils cohabitent. Plus exactement, en repartant d&rsquo;une exp&eacute;rience consciente et sensible, attentive &agrave; soi et aux autres, notre perception s&rsquo;active et nous fait entrer en relation de <i>r&eacute;ciprocit&eacute;</i> avec les autres habitants (Abram, 2013). Nous sommes ainsi immerg&eacute;s dans un m&ecirc;me monde. L&rsquo;attention perceptive est donc d&eacute;j&agrave; la source d&rsquo;une participation au monde, d&rsquo;un couplage entre sujet percevant et ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes per&ccedil;us, qui donne forme &agrave; un certain milieu. Le milieu est donc ce monde dans lequel nous sommes en mesure de ressentir une empathie charnelle pour les &ecirc;tres qui partagent notre exp&eacute;rience et de nous engager vers des pratiques du <i>care</i>, non seulement pour les humains mais aussi pour les non humains avec lesquels nous co-&eacute;voluons. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Essayer de comprendre ce qui peut rendre notre monde aussi habitable que possible, c&rsquo;est donc forc&eacute;ment envisager ce que signifie un milieu pour ses habitants. En ce sens, toute g&eacute;ographie du bien-&ecirc;tre ne peut se r&eacute;duire &agrave; une &eacute;valuation des besoins socio-&eacute;conomiques des individus mais doit envisager les syst&egrave;mes de relations structur&eacute;s au sein des milieux (Bailly,&nbsp;2014 [1981]). Car ce sont ces relations sp&eacute;cifiques &agrave; un certain espace qui sont susceptibles d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre mobilis&eacute;es pour faire &eacute;merger un agir &eacute;thique &laquo;&nbsp;situ&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo; qui n&rsquo;a plus rien d&rsquo;impos&eacute; mais jaillit naturellement pour r&eacute;pondre &agrave; un besoin sp&eacute;cifique (Tollis, 2010). L&rsquo;attention au milieu est donc d&rsquo;abord une attention pour un espace v&eacute;cu, pratiqu&eacute; et per&ccedil;u, <i>un espace de la vie</i> au sein duquel les significations naissent et deviennent coh&eacute;rente sur la base de l&rsquo;intrication entre des exp&eacute;riences sensibles et conscientes. Ce souci pour le milieu habit&eacute; est aussi un acte politique, une mani&egrave;re de r&eacute;sister &agrave; une <i>d&eacute;territorialisation </i>constitutive d&rsquo;un &laquo;&nbsp;uni-monde&nbsp;&raquo; n&eacute;olib&eacute;ral et &agrave; ses logiques technico-&eacute;conomiques qui ne cessent de vouloir imposer un ordre rationnel et utile. Prendre soin du milieu, c&rsquo;est au contraire rendre possible le d&eacute;ploiement de mondes multiples, l&rsquo;existence d&rsquo;un<i> plurivers&nbsp;</i>riche de relations<i> </i>signifiantes entre ses co-habitants<i> (</i>Escobar, 2018).</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-indent: 1cm; text-align: center;"><img src="https://www.numerev.com/img/ck_393_13_image-20200604085210-2.png" style="width: 480px; height: 482px;" /></p> <p style="text-indent: 1cm; text-align: left;"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-weight:bold"><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="color:#0070c0"><span style="font-weight:normal"><strong>Figure 2. Pour de nouvelles relations entre humains et non humains</strong><br /> &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;(Source&nbsp;: Global Alliance for the rights of Nature, 2014)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p align="center" class="MsoCaption" style="text-align:center; text-indent:1cm">&nbsp;</p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Mais en m&ecirc;me temps, l&rsquo;attention au milieu ouvre aussi &agrave; une compr&eacute;hension plus large que celle d&rsquo;un territoire &eacute;triqu&eacute; et repli&eacute; sur lui-m&ecirc;me. Car se mettre en relation avec une partie de l&rsquo;espace terrestre, c&rsquo;est aussi sentir les liens qui nous unissent aux &ecirc;tres non humains et &agrave; la Terre tout enti&egrave;re. La relation sp&eacute;cifique et territorialis&eacute;e qui se structure par l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience au sein d&rsquo;un milieu conduit ainsi moins vers un enracinement que vers une lib&eacute;ration, le d&eacute;ploiement d&rsquo;un horizon qui s&rsquo;ouvre au-del&agrave; de notre simple regard. Et cet horizon est primordialement un <i>monde de la vie</i> ou pour reprendre les termes d&rsquo;Eric Dardel une &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;sence&nbsp;&raquo; qui nous offre la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;habiter tout en nous r&eacute;v&eacute;lant la fragilit&eacute; de tout existant (Dardel, 2014 [1952]). C&rsquo;est d&rsquo;ailleurs peut-&ecirc;tre la destination &eacute;thique de toute g&eacute;ographie que de travailler &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;pr&eacute;server les conditions, pour la pens&eacute;e comme pour l&rsquo;action, d&rsquo;une habitation humaine de la Terre&nbsp;&raquo; (Besse, 2000, p. 144). Un travail qui consiste aussi bien &agrave; prendre soin du milieu dans lequel nous habitons qu&rsquo;&agrave; pr&eacute;server la Terre comme socle de toute &laquo;&nbsp;habitabilit&eacute;&nbsp;&raquo;. Reconna&icirc;tre la fragilit&eacute; et l&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance de notre condition d&rsquo;habitant, et aspirer profond&eacute;ment &agrave; en prendre soin pour rendre le monde plus habitable, rel&egrave;ve ainsi &agrave; la fois d&rsquo;une <i>&eacute;thique situ&eacute;e</i> dans un milieu que d&rsquo;une<i> &eacute;thique</i> &eacute;coum&eacute;nale recouvrant le fond commun du vivant. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Savoirs et pratiques pour une &eacute;thique du care en action&nbsp;</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i> comme soin du milieu et souci de la Terre ne peut se comprendre sans aborder la question du lien entre l&rsquo;engagement &eacute;thique (<i>care</i> en action) et une certaine forme de connaissance qui est de nature ontologique. Si le <i>care </i>reste bien souvent mal compris notamment en France et se retrouve &ecirc;tre r&eacute;duit aux bons sentiments d&rsquo;&ecirc;tres per&ccedil;us comme d&eacute;cal&eacute;s ou ing&eacute;nus, se sacrifiant pour les autres (les &laquo;&nbsp;femmes bonnes&nbsp;&raquo; ou les &laquo;&nbsp;bonnes poires&nbsp;&raquo;), c&rsquo;est que nous avons n&eacute;glig&eacute; les savoirs et les pratiques impliqu&eacute;s dans l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;une pr&eacute;sence attentive et bienveillante au monde. Au fond, tout comportement &eacute;thique - au sens d&rsquo;<i>&ecirc;tre bon spontan&eacute;ment dans </i>une situation concr&egrave;te (plut&ocirc;t que d&rsquo;avoir un jugement moral correct qui s&rsquo;appliquera &agrave; des situtations) &ndash; d&eacute;coule d&rsquo;un savoir-faire et d&rsquo;un processus d&rsquo;apprentissage qu&rsquo;il s&rsquo;agit de prendre au s&eacute;rieux. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment, une &eacute;thique du <i>care </i>ne peut jaillir naturellement qu&rsquo;&agrave; partir d&rsquo;une <i>r&eacute;alisation de soi</i> c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une connaissance pr&eacute;cise et incarn&eacute;e de la mani&egrave;re dont fonctionne notre corps-esprit. L&rsquo;attention perceptive qui permet au <i>care</i> de se d&eacute;ployer dans un milieu n&rsquo;est donc pas seulement une attention tourn&eacute;e vers l&rsquo;ext&eacute;rieur, vers les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes et les &ecirc;tres qui rendent possible notre habitation sur Terre et avec lesquels nous sommes en interaction, mettant &agrave; jour une &eacute;cologie environnementale et sociale. Pour actualiser une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i> en action, il est en r&eacute;alit&eacute; tout aussi n&eacute;cessaire de tourner cette attention vers l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur, vers la d&eacute;couverte d&rsquo;une <i>&eacute;cologie de l&rsquo;esprit</i> qui rel&egrave;ve du &laquo;&nbsp;<i>genre de choses qui passent dans la t&ecirc;te de quelqu&rsquo;un, dans son comportement et dans ses interactions lorsqu&rsquo;il escalade ou descend une montagne, lorsqu&rsquo;il tombe malade ou lorsqu&rsquo;il va mieux&nbsp;</i>&raquo; (Bateson, 1996 [1975], p. 354). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Pr&ecirc;ter attention &agrave; ce qui se passe en nous, poser notre attention sur nos pens&eacute;es, nos &eacute;motions, les sensations qui nous habitent, c&rsquo;est ainsi mettre &agrave; jour les interrelations structurantes de notre mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;agir et de percevoir. C&rsquo;est comprendre ce qui nous permet de cr&eacute;er du sens, d&rsquo;<i>&eacute;nacter</i> un monde (Varela, Thompson, Rosch, 1993). Et<span style="color:black"> &agrave; la suite d&rsquo;un penseur comme Francisco J. Varela, on peut avancer l&rsquo;id&eacute;e qu&rsquo;il existe des pratiques sp&eacute;cifiques permettant de renforcer cette attention &agrave; soi et les savoir-faire &eacute;thiques qui en d&eacute;coulent (Varela, 1995). </span></span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Nous arrivons ici &agrave; un point de notre r&eacute;flexion o&ugrave; la philosophie du <i>care</i>, qui entend permettre le d&eacute;ploiement naturel d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique en action, pourrait trouver &agrave; notre avis de pr&eacute;cieux points d&rsquo;appui dans les recherches r&eacute;centes engag&eacute;es dans une exploration de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience consciente (ou de la cognition &laquo;&nbsp;incarn&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo;) &agrave; m&ecirc;me de faire surgir une &eacute;thique en action. Un champ de recherche ouvert e<span style="color:black">n grande partie par les travaux de Francisco J. Varela dont la singularit&eacute; consiste &agrave; convoquer pour cela </span>aussi bien les apports de la <span style="color:black">ph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologie que ceux des traditions contemplatives orientales (</span>Varela, Thompson, Rosch, 1993&nbsp;; <span style="color:black">Varela, 1995&nbsp;; Varela, 2017).</span> Et au sein de ce dialogue entre Orient et Occident, c&rsquo;est notamment la possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;une <i>praxis</i> explicite de l&rsquo;activit&eacute; consciente, d&rsquo;une science &laquo;&nbsp;&agrave; la premi&egrave;re personne&nbsp;&raquo; tourn&eacute;e vers l&rsquo;exploration directe et irr&eacute;ductible de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience qui a retenu notre attention. 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Seul l&rsquo;individu qui agit &agrave; partir des dispositions qui sont les siennes au moment m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;action parce qu&rsquo;il les a cultiv&eacute;es m&eacute;rite d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre appel&eacute; v&eacute;ritablement vertueux. [&hellip;] Il ne <i>joue</i> pas &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique, il l&rsquo;incarne comme un expert incarne un savoir-faire [&hellip;]. Le v&eacute;ritable expert agit &agrave; partir d&rsquo;inclinations qui ont &eacute;t&eacute; &eacute;tendues, et non de r&egrave;gles accept&eacute;es, et &eacute;chappe donc au fait &eacute;vident que les r&eacute;ponses purement m&eacute;caniques ne sont pas assez structur&eacute;es pour l&rsquo;infinie vari&eacute;t&eacute; des situations que nous devons affronter (Varela, 1995, p. 54).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Ces pratiques peuvent &ecirc;tre d&eacute;finies comme des &laquo;&nbsp;pratiques ph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologiques&nbsp;&raquo; dans le sens o&ugrave; elles nous am&egrave;nent &agrave; regarder ce qui se passe en nous et ainsi &agrave; suspendre momentan&eacute;ment notre attitude naturelle, le fonctionnement automatique de notre conscience. En ce sens, elles recouvrent notamment (avec certes des nuances importantes) des pratiques de m&eacute;ditation (<i>shamata/vipassana</i>) d&rsquo;introspection (entretien d&rsquo;explicitation), d&rsquo;expression cr&eacute;ative (atelier d&rsquo;&eacute;criture) ou de psychanalyse&nbsp;(<span style="color:black">Depraz, Varela, Vermesch, 2011). </span>Ces pratiques ont en commun de se fonder sur une capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;attention consciente, une capacit&eacute; &agrave; observer le contenu de notre v&eacute;cu sans le juger, &agrave; contempler le flux de nos exp&eacute;riences moments apr&egrave;s moments, pour mieux comprendre ce qui nous pousse &agrave; agir dans un certain sens. En cela, il s&rsquo;agit d&eacute;j&agrave; de pratiques du <i>care</i> puisqu&rsquo;elle sont constitutives d&rsquo;un souci de ce qui nous traverse (sensations, perceptions, &eacute;motions, pens&eacute;e) et qu&rsquo;elles conduisent ainsi naturellement &agrave; un soin de soi. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Cultiver l&rsquo;attention consciente en portant son regard vers l&rsquo;int&eacute;rieur permet ainsi d&rsquo;interrompre (ou au moins de calmer) le flux ininterrompu et parfois g&ecirc;nant de notre conscience mentale dans un contexte soci&eacute;tal o&ugrave; tout est fait pour &eacute;viter ce geste de suspension. Mais l&rsquo;exploration de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience consciente permise par pratiques attentionnelles va plus loin puisqu&rsquo;elle tend plus profond&eacute;ment &agrave; <i>transformer </i>ce qui ce qui nous am&egrave;ne &agrave; agir en un certain sens. Ces pratiques mettent ainsi &agrave; jour un point aveugle de notre intentionnalit&eacute;&nbsp;: notre tendance &agrave; nous comporter comme si la r&eacute;alit&eacute; &eacute;tait constitu&eacute;e d&rsquo;entit&eacute;s s&eacute;par&eacute;es, ind&eacute;pendantes et permanentes, alors que toute manifestation se d&eacute;ploie sur le mode de l&rsquo;inter-&ecirc;tre&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> 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Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Dans notre monde ordinaire conceptuel, nous voyons une th&eacute;i&egrave;re comme un objet ind&eacute;pendant et s&eacute;par&eacute;. Mais si nous regardons profond&eacute;ment la th&eacute;i&egrave;re, nous verrons qu&rsquo;elle contient de nombreux ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes &ndash; la terre, l&rsquo;eau, le feu, l&rsquo;air, l&rsquo;espace et le temps &ndash; et nous d&eacute;couvrirons que l&rsquo;univers tout entier a fait en sorte que cette th&eacute;i&egrave;re existe. C&rsquo;est la nature interd&eacute;pendante de la th&eacute;i&egrave;re. Une fleur est faite d&rsquo;&eacute;l&eacute;ments non-fleur comme les nuages, la terre et le soleil. Sans les nuages et sans la terre, il ne peut y avoir de fleur. C&rsquo;est l&rsquo;inter-&ecirc;tre. [&hellip;] La fleur ne peut avoir d&rsquo;existence en soi. Elle inter-est forc&eacute;ment avec tout le reste. Il en est de m&ecirc;me pour tous les ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes (Thich Nhat Hanh, 2006).</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Or, un entra&icirc;nement attentionnel pr&eacute;cis et r&eacute;p&eacute;t&eacute; nous am&egrave;ne &agrave; d&eacute;jouer cette perception habituelle selon laquelle les &laquo;&nbsp;&ecirc;tres&nbsp;&raquo; ou &laquo;&nbsp;ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes&nbsp;&raquo; du monde (&agrave; commencer par nous-m&ecirc;me) existeraient de mani&egrave;re intrins&egrave;que, par eux-m&ecirc;mes, pour mettre &agrave; jour la mani&egrave;re dont ils &laquo;&nbsp;inter-sont&nbsp;&raquo; selon une co-&eacute;mergence interd&eacute;pendante. Arriver &agrave; cette r&eacute;alisation, en avoir une &laquo;&nbsp;aperception claire&nbsp;&raquo; et l&rsquo;incarner dans un corps-esprit demande un long processus d&rsquo;exercices r&eacute;it&eacute;r&eacute;s. Et ce qui se d&eacute;ploie dans cette d&eacute;couverte d&rsquo;un champ d&rsquo;interd&eacute;pendance constitutif de tout ph&eacute;nom&egrave;ne et en particulier du soi, c&rsquo;est aussi un certain rel&acirc;chement, une d&eacute;tente puisqu&rsquo;il n&rsquo;y a rien qui puisse &ecirc;tre si restreint et si fig&eacute; que ce que nous perception conventionnelle nous a amen&eacute; &agrave; croire. Nos intentions et nos d&eacute;sirs changent peu &agrave; peu de couleurs pour ne plus &ecirc;tre dirig&eacute;s de mani&egrave;re pr&eacute;pond&eacute;rante vers ce que nous saisissons habituellement comme un soi s&eacute;par&eacute;. Plus pr&eacute;cis&eacute;ment, ce qui peut &eacute;merger au sein de cette d&eacute;couverte, c&rsquo;est un sentiment intime de connexion avec tous les autres &ecirc;tres sensibles, qui transforme notre soi &eacute;troit en un Soi &eacute;largi ou pour reprendre la pens&eacute;e d&rsquo;Arne Naess en un <i>Soi &eacute;cologique</i> c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire un soi capable d&rsquo;inclure toutes les relations qui le constituent&nbsp;:</span></span></span></span></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> 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Name="List Table 7 Colorful Accent 6"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Mention"></w:LsdException> <w:LsdException Locked="false" SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">A travers le Soi &eacute;largi, tous les &ecirc;tres vivants sont intimement connect&eacute;s les uns aux autres. Il s&rsquo;ensuit une capacit&eacute; d&rsquo;identification, dont la pratique de la non-violence est la cons&eacute;quence naturelle. Aucun pr&ecirc;che moral n&rsquo;est n&eacute;cessaire, de la m&ecirc;me fa&ccedil;on que nous n&rsquo;avons pas besoin de r&egrave;gles morales pour respirer. Nous avons besoin de cultiver notre intuition&nbsp;: pour parvenir au pouvoir de la non-violence, il est essentiel de croire &agrave; l&rsquo;unit&eacute; fondamentale de toute vie (Naess, 2017, p. 98).</span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">D&egrave;s lors, un int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour les autres, qui est aussi int&eacute;r&ecirc;t pour soi, peut se d&eacute;ployer naturellement et donner lieu &agrave; une empathie et une compassion spontan&eacute;e, elle-m&ecirc;me source d&rsquo;actions empreintes de bienveillance (c<i>are</i> en action). Un comportement &eacute;thique est ainsi n&eacute; sans l&rsquo;intervention d&rsquo;une volont&eacute; d&eacute;lib&eacute;r&eacute;e de bien faire ou d&rsquo;un d&eacute;sir de transfert vers l&rsquo;autre. L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care </i>en action se manifeste spontan&eacute;ment &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une compr&eacute;hension incarn&eacute;e de la non dualit&eacute; entre soi et les autres. Bien s&ucirc;r, cette attitude &eacute;thique reste longtemps fragile et certaines pratiques intentionnelles permettent de la soutenir &agrave; mesure que le pratiquant progresse dans son parcours soit en renfor&ccedil;ant des tendances b&eacute;n&eacute;fiques aux pratiques du <i>care</i> (<i>amour bienveillance, compassion</i>) soit en cherchant &agrave; stabiliser l&rsquo;aspiration &eacute;thique qui a &eacute;t&eacute; d&eacute;couverte (<i>motivation juste</i>). Car avec la nouvelle vision du soi et des ph&eacute;nom&egrave;nes, c&rsquo;est toute notre exp&eacute;rience qui se trouve profond&eacute;ment r&eacute;orient&eacute;e, nous amenant &agrave; clarifier nos intentions, &agrave; distinguer avec une nouvelle attention ce qui rel&egrave;ve de passions tristes (pour reprendre Spinoza) ou au contraire d&rsquo;aspirations porteuses d&rsquo;un sens profond pour notre &ecirc;tre. Et c&rsquo;est en ce sens que nous &eacute;voquions la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;un processus d&rsquo;apprentissage impliquant le d&eacute;veloppement de pratiques et de savoirs qui permettent l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence d&rsquo;aptitudes &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;thique.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">La base m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique en action, d&rsquo;un engagement vers des pratiques du <i>care</i> de plus en plus &eacute;largies (du soi &agrave; l&rsquo;environnement), peut donc &ecirc;tre trouv&eacute;e dans une ontologie relationnelle qui s&rsquo;actualise par des pratiques d&rsquo;attention consciente. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Actualiser une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i> en am&eacute;nagement&nbsp;</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b>&nbsp; </b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Il nous faut donc maintenant essayer de revenir vers notre point de d&eacute;part initial, l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement des territoires en nous demandant comment actualiser plus sp&eacute;cifiquement cette &eacute;thique du <i>care </i>dans les pratiques de l&rsquo;action am&eacute;nagiste&nbsp;? Si l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t des &eacute;thiques du care se trouvent dans une attention nouvelle &agrave; soi, aux autres (humains) mais aussi au milieu (incluant des non-humains) et &agrave; la Terre, qu&rsquo;est-ce que peut apporter cette &eacute;thique de l&rsquo;attention &ndash; qui s&rsquo;incarnent par des pratiques et se d&eacute;ploie &agrave; plusieurs &eacute;chelles - au processus m&ecirc;me de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement des territoires ? Pour le formuler autrement, quelles sont les ingr&eacute;dients &agrave; rassembler pour que <span style="color:black">les pratiques et les savoirs en am&eacute;nagement s&rsquo;orientent vers une &eacute;thique du <i>care </i>en action qui permette de porter attention au milieu habit&eacute;, d&rsquo;en prendre soin et ainsi de pr&eacute;server les conditions de l&rsquo;habiter sur Terre ?</span> </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Ouvrir un espace narratif et imaginaire favorisant l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence du care</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;omnipr&eacute;sence d&rsquo;un imaginaire de la &laquo;&nbsp;ma&icirc;trise&nbsp;&raquo; et du &laquo;&nbsp;contr&ocirc;le&nbsp;&raquo; est une tendance marquante de notre &eacute;poque, tendance qui ne cesse de se renforcer en am&eacute;nagement avec le d&eacute;veloppement des technologies de digitalisation du monde (Barniaudy, 2018). Cette tendance n&rsquo;est pas nouvelle et tout praticien de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement porte en lui les graines de la planification moderne qui fonde l&rsquo;action am&eacute;nagiste sur fond de r&eacute;f&eacute;rent &laquo;&nbsp;taylorien&nbsp;&raquo; marqu&eacute; par la haine de la surprise. Cette obsession du contr&ocirc;le se nourrit de la peur de l&rsquo;incertitude. Incertitude du projet, d&rsquo;&eacute;mergences potentiellement dysfonctionnelles, d&rsquo;effets n&eacute;gatifs intentionnels ou non intentionnels de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement. Et la r&eacute;ponse des am&eacute;nageurs pour conjurer cette anxi&eacute;t&eacute; est bien souvent un surplus de planification. Dans l&rsquo;imaginaire dominant, une planification stricte et syst&eacute;matique doit en effet permettre de couper court &agrave; tout devenir chaotique. La ma&icirc;trise d&rsquo;ouvrage agit alors selon un plan et un devis d&eacute;cid&eacute; longtemps &agrave; l&rsquo;avance, &eacute;crasant toute possibilit&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;mergence, rassurant les acteurs impliqu&eacute;s dans le projet.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">&nbsp; Mais c&rsquo;est pourtant cet arri&egrave;re-plan imaginaire guidant le choix d&rsquo;une planification stricte et normative qui est aujourd&rsquo;hui &agrave; la base de la crise environnementale. Car si le plan donne une r&eacute;ponse acceptable face &agrave; l&rsquo;anxi&eacute;t&eacute;, il r&eacute;duit aussi la possibilit&eacute; pour une action de s&rsquo;inscrire dans une situation complexe, dans un milieu habit&eacute;. Olivier Soubeyran a bien montr&eacute; comment cette logique d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement ne cesse de se renouveler durant tout le 20<sup>e</sup> si&egrave;cle, depuis le projet colonial (Soubeyran, 2014). La m&eacute;taphore est celle d&rsquo;une greffe impos&eacute;e au milieu-organisme, d&eacute;coupl&eacute; du fonctionnement m&ecirc;me de ce milieu, telle une plantation coloniale qui vient subsumer les &eacute;cosyst&egrave;mes locaux en r&eacute;duisant les espaces de vie et d&rsquo;activit&eacute; &agrave; la monoculture (Citton, Rasmi, 2020). Et l&rsquo;int&eacute;gration des pr&eacute;occupations environnementales dans les discours am&eacute;nagistes depuis les ann&eacute;es 1970 ne modifie pas fondamentalement ce qui fonde l&rsquo;action, c&rsquo;est-&agrave;-dire cet imaginaire qui entend stabiliser un milieu, le saisir pour &laquo;&nbsp;agir en connaissance de causes&nbsp;&raquo;, et mieux contr&ocirc;ler les effets de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement. L&rsquo;efficacit&eacute; d&rsquo;un am&eacute;nagement est ainsi toujours &eacute;valu&eacute;e en fonction de sa capacit&eacute; &agrave; contraindre le milieu, &agrave; le forcer, faisant appara&icirc;tre les diff&eacute;rences entre un &laquo;&nbsp;avant&nbsp;&raquo; et un &laquo;&nbsp;apr&egrave;s&nbsp;&raquo;. Et le contexte d&rsquo;urgence actuel (changement climatique, crise &eacute;cologique) renforce encore cet imaginaire en valorisant les m&eacute;thodes les plus syst&eacute;matiques, celles qui pr&eacute;tendent prendre en charge un nombre de plus en plus important de variables et de contraintes au sein du milieu. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Le point de d&eacute;part de toute transition vers des pratiques du <i>care</i> en am&eacute;nagement pourrait donc &ecirc;tre, comme dans le cas d&rsquo;un individu s&rsquo;engageant dans une pratique ph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologique, de reconna&icirc;tre une certaine insatisfaction dans cette mani&egrave;re de concevoir l&rsquo;action am&eacute;nagiste. Autrement dit, le premier geste &agrave; r&eacute;aliser nous semble-t-il pour transformer nos mani&egrave;res d&rsquo;agir, c&rsquo;est de reconna&icirc;tre r&eacute;ellement les effets d&eacute;l&eacute;t&egrave;res de cet imaginaire dominant en am&eacute;nagement. Par reconna&icirc;tre, nous voulons dire &ecirc;tre capable de percevoir la souffrance g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;e sur le milieu habit&eacute; (humains et non humains) par cet imaginaire, par cette vision du monde faite d&rsquo;objets s&eacute;par&eacute;s et ma&icirc;trisables. Et une premi&egrave;re preuve d&rsquo;humilit&eacute; pourrait &ecirc;tre de se demander si c&rsquo;est l&agrave; la bonne voie, le bon r&eacute;cit. Faut-il n&eacute;cessairement conjurer l&rsquo;impr&eacute;vu par des plans de plus en plus &eacute;labor&eacute;s&nbsp;? Faut-il d&eacute;sirer une planification stricte et normative pour donner une r&eacute;ponse &agrave; notre anxi&eacute;t&eacute;&nbsp;? </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i> en am&eacute;nagement ne peut se d&eacute;velopper sans cet examen direct de l&rsquo;imaginaire dans lequel se structure le pouvoir de l&rsquo;action. La puissance performative de ce r&eacute;cit imaginaire ne doit pas &ecirc;tre sous-estim&eacute;. Et &agrave; l&rsquo;inverse, c&rsquo;est aussi par l&rsquo;ouverture d&rsquo;un autre espace narratif faisant place &agrave; un autre imaginaire, &agrave; d&rsquo;autres histoires, que d&rsquo;autres voies d&rsquo;action peuvent s&rsquo;actualiser. En ce sens, la proposition d&rsquo;Olivier Soubeyran autour de l&rsquo;improvisation (<i>ibidem</i>) nous semble particuli&egrave;rement int&eacute;ressante pour tenter de faire &eacute;merger une nouvelle attention au milieu en am&eacute;nagement. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;improvisation se base en effet sur une &eacute;coute active et ouverte de ce qui se joue dans un espace-temps particulier. Elle assume le devenir incertain des propositions avanc&eacute;es et intensifie alors cette capacit&eacute; de &laquo;&nbsp;faire attention&nbsp;&agrave;&nbsp;&raquo;. Elle refuse la pr&eacute;diction confortable des projets &laquo;&nbsp;clefs en main&nbsp;&raquo; pour s&rsquo;inscrire dans un flux d&rsquo;exp&eacute;riences interd&eacute;pendant dont elle tente de comprendre le sens. Elle opte pour des modalit&eacute;s d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimentation sensible et consciente capables d&rsquo;embrasser </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">les fragilit&eacute;s et la complexit&eacute; d&rsquo;une situation. Choisir l&rsquo;improvisation, c&rsquo;est aussi permettre &agrave; nos sch&egrave;mes de perception et d&rsquo;action de renouer avec une compr&eacute;hension intuitive et affective du milieu. Il ne s&rsquo;agit donc plus de concevoir un plan qui repr&eacute;sente le r&eacute;el pour mieux le contr&ocirc;ler mais de faire &eacute;merger des priorit&eacute;s d&rsquo;action &agrave; partir d&rsquo;une intelligence des situations et des relations de cohabitation au sein d&rsquo;un milieu. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Construire un imaginaire bas&eacute; sur l&rsquo;improvisation constitue d&eacute;j&agrave; une avanc&eacute;e vers une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i>. Car l&rsquo;&eacute;thique qui fonde l&rsquo;action dans le contexte d&rsquo;urgence actuel prend bien souvent la forme d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique de la conviction favorisant une rh&eacute;torique de l&rsquo;intransigeance, peupl&eacute;e de recettes &agrave; appliquer. Au contraire, pour qu&rsquo;un agir &eacute;thique puisse se d&eacute;ployer spontan&eacute;ment, comme dans le cas des pratiques attentionnelles &eacute;tudi&eacute;es plus haut, il est n&eacute;cessaire de suspendre au moins provisoirement ses projections pour se mettre &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;coute du milieu et prendre en consid&eacute;ration l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience de ceux qui l&rsquo;habitent, humain comme non humain. Et c&rsquo;est sans doute en ouvrant cet espace narratif, recueillant les savoirs exp&eacute;rientiels et les r&eacute;cits faisant sens pour les habitants, que les pratiques d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement pourront r&eacute;ussir &agrave; &laquo;&nbsp;<i>m&eacute;nager&nbsp;</i>&raquo; un milieu (au sens de &laquo;&nbsp;prendre soin&nbsp;&raquo;, pour reprendre les termes de Thierry Paquot&nbsp;: Paquot, 2012) plut&ocirc;t que de chercher &agrave; l&rsquo;&nbsp;&laquo;&nbsp;<i>a-m&eacute;nager&nbsp;</i>&raquo; (au sens d&rsquo;appliquer n&rsquo;importe o&ugrave; le m&ecirc;me dispositif). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><i><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Co-construire les projets d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagements avec les habitants</span></span></i></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Notre capacit&eacute; &agrave; ouvrir un nouvel espace imaginaire appara&icirc;t comme une disposition indispensable pour transformer nos modes d&rsquo;action et actualiser une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i> en am&eacute;nagement comme ailleurs. Un d&eacute;tour narratif, fait de r&eacute;f&eacute;rences de toute nature (litt&eacute;raire, cin&eacute;matographique, scientifique, pseudo-scientifique, etc.), est un des chemins les plus fiables pour rendre possible, en second lieu, un dialogue pragmatique et constructif entre les acteurs d&rsquo;un m&ecirc;me milieu, capable de d&eacute;ployer de nouveaux devenirs. Le but de cet imaginaire n&rsquo;est pas de retrouver un grand r&eacute;cit unificateur mais plut&ocirc;t de permettre l&rsquo;&eacute;mergence de mondes multiples, d&rsquo;un <i>plurivers</i>&nbsp;: </span></span></span></span></span></p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:OfficeDocumentSettings> <o:AllowPNG></o:AllowPNG> <o:PixelsPerInch>96</o:PixelsPerInch> </o:OfficeDocumentSettings> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves></w:TrackMoves> <w:TrackFormatting></w:TrackFormatting> <w:HyphenationZone>21</w:HyphenationZone> <w:PunctuationKerning></w:PunctuationKerning> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas></w:ValidateAgainstSchemas> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF></w:DoNotPromoteQF> <w:LidThemeOther>FR</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> 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SemiHidden="true" UnhideWhenUsed="true" Name="Smart Hyperlink"></w:LsdException> </w:LatentStyles> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]> <style> /* Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:"Tableau Normal"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-priority:99; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;} </style> <![endif]--><!--StartFragment--> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%">Il ne s&rsquo;agit, par ce d&eacute;tour pseudo-narratif, que de d&eacute;ployer une r&eacute;p&eacute;tition support d&rsquo;existence, &agrave; travers des rythmes et des ritournelles d&rsquo;une infinie vari&eacute;t&eacute;. [&hellip;] Ce n&rsquo;est qu&rsquo;&agrave; cette condition que peuvent &ecirc;tre g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;s et r&eacute;g&eacute;n&eacute;r&eacute;s les Univers de r&eacute;f&eacute;rence incorporels qui ponctuent d&rsquo;&eacute;v&egrave;nements singuliers le d&eacute;roulement de l&rsquo;historicit&eacute; individuelle et collective (Guattari, 1989, p. 27).</span></p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 1cm 0.0001pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size:12.0pt;line-height:115%"><o:p></o:p></span></p> <!--EndFragment--> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Tout projet visant &agrave; prendre soin des &laquo;&nbsp;territoires r&eacute;els de l&rsquo;existence&nbsp;&raquo; (pour reprendre les termes de Guattari) proc&egrave;de alors d&rsquo;une sorte d&rsquo;<i>h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&egrave;se</i>, devenant &agrave; la fois solidaire d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique globale (au niveau narratif), mais singulier dans sa mise en &oelig;uvre locale (au niveau pratique) puisque d&eacute;pendant d&rsquo;une situation toujours contingente. Et cette h&eacute;t&eacute;rog&eacute;n&egrave;se n&rsquo;est possible que si le projet d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement est effectivement co-construit par ses habitants. Car si l&rsquo;improvisation est d&eacute;j&agrave; une mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;actualiser l&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i> en am&eacute;nagement en r&eacute;installant l&rsquo;am&eacute;nageur dans une posture d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimentation, il faut encore que le processus m&ecirc;me d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement puisse inclure les consid&eacute;rations d&rsquo;un nombre plus important d&rsquo;&ecirc;tre sensibles (humains et non humains) pour que ce &laquo;&nbsp;prendre soin&nbsp;&raquo; du milieu soit effectif (et non relatif &agrave; de simples d&eacute;ductions). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;autre point crucial pour actualiser l&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i> dans les pratiques d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement est donc la question de la<i> participation</i> ou de l&rsquo;<i>implication </i>(dans le sens d&rsquo;<i>empowerment</i>, parfois traduit par &laquo;&nbsp;encapacitation&nbsp;&raquo;) des habitants.<b> </b>En France comme ailleurs, la participation est bien souvent un argument de fa&ccedil;ade permettant aux porteurs d&rsquo;un projet de teinter d&rsquo;un peu de d&eacute;mocratie leurs ambitions. Rarement cependant, la participation des acteurs cl&eacute;s d&rsquo;un projet devient un <i>moteur de l&rsquo;action</i>. Par acteurs cl&eacute;s, nous entendons &agrave; la fois les acteurs qui ont un pouvoir reconnu dans un certain domaine (par exemple les institutions, d&eacute;veloppeurs ou gestionnaires de r&eacute;seau pour l&rsquo;&eacute;nergie &eacute;olienne) mais aussi et surtout tous ceux qui sont concern&eacute;s par l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement parce qu&rsquo;ils habitent le milieu, le connaissent et le vivent au quotidien. La reconnaissance de la l&eacute;gitimit&eacute; et des savoirs de ces acteurs &laquo;&nbsp;concern&eacute;s&nbsp;&raquo; appara&icirc;t fondamentale pour tout am&eacute;nagement voulant d&eacute;passer le simple cadre d&rsquo;une concertation conventionnelle. &nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Pour qu&rsquo;un projet puisse s&rsquo;inscrire au sein d&rsquo;un milieu, il s&rsquo;agit bien de se mettre d&rsquo;accord, d&egrave;s les premiers stades du projet, sur une <i>intention collective</i>, une mani&egrave;re d&rsquo;habiter un milieu, un usage du monde. Et cette intention ne peut exclure certaines cat&eacute;gories de population aux sensibilit&eacute;s diff&eacute;rentes mais doit au contraire privil&eacute;gier un processus interactif qui valorise la capacit&eacute; des acteurs concern&eacute;s sans faire ressortir seulement les int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts des acteurs de pouvoir, criant souvent le plus fort dans les r&eacute;unions publiques. La co-construction implique ainsi de </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">faire advenir collectivement les potentialit&eacute;s d&rsquo;un milieu sans recourir &agrave; des solutions toutes faites. En ce sens, elle n&eacute;cessite un aller-retour permanent entre intention et exp&eacute;rience, entre les fins et les moyens, pour s&rsquo;ajuster au mieux au devenir du processus (Berdoulay, Soubeyran, 2012). La prise en compte de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience du praticien r&eacute;flexif comme du citoyen participant maintient ainsi un lien avec la cognition incarn&eacute;e et rend possible l&rsquo;&eacute;thique du <i>care</i>. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&agrave; encore, la culture h&eacute;rit&eacute;e d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagements descendants et normalis&eacute;s n&eacute;cessite sans doute une premi&egrave;re &eacute;tape qui est celle d&rsquo;apprendre &agrave; d&eacute;sapprendre. Et les obstacles &agrave; la participation sont nombreux m&ecirc;me dans les projets qui entendent s&rsquo;y engager (Barniaudy, 2016). Dans certains cas, elle peut ainsi se faire passive et retomber dans un pilotage <i>a priori</i>, selon des normes strictes, pour se conformer et acqu&eacute;rir une l&eacute;gitimit&eacute;. Dans d&rsquo;autres, elle peut &ecirc;tre &laquo;&nbsp;marchandis&eacute;e&nbsp;&raquo; pour pouvoir exister, trouver des financements et devenir visible. Si elle n&rsquo;est pas finement amen&eacute;e, elle peut aussi d&eacute;vier vers un simple d&eacute;bat d&rsquo;opinion et devenir alors sourde. Elle est enfin bien souvent accapar&eacute;e par des entreprises qui en ont fait une niche d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s et se proclament expertes &eacute;non&ccedil;ant un&nbsp;: &laquo;&nbsp;on sait faire, on r&eacute;plique&nbsp;&raquo; coupant court &agrave; une co-construction des projets. Mais la chose n&rsquo;est pas impossible et de nombreux exemples d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement participatif commencent &agrave; &eacute;merger aujourd&rsquo;hui en Europe et dans le monde<strong><a href="#_ftn5" name="_ftnref5"><span style="color:#2980b9;">[5]</span></a></strong> alors que les m&eacute;thodologies de la recherche-action-participative se diffusent dans les milieux acad&eacute;miques et non acad&eacute;miques (Chevalier, Buckles, 2019). </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">L&rsquo;&eacute;coute attentive des habitants du milieu, de leurs r&eacute;cits et de leurs savoirs, associ&eacute;e &agrave; un processus d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement qui laisse une place &agrave; l&rsquo;improvisation ainsi qu&rsquo;&agrave; l&rsquo;implication de tous les acteurs concern&eacute;s par un projet nous semble d&eacute;j&agrave; une piste prometteuse pour r&eacute;orienter les intentions affich&eacute;es d&rsquo;une plus grande durabilit&eacute; vers une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i>, capable d&rsquo;inscrire l&rsquo;action am&eacute;nagiste dans le tissu complexe d&rsquo;un milieu habit&eacute;, renfor&ccedil;ant ainsi les conditions d&rsquo;habitabilit&eacute; de la Terre dans son ensemble.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:14.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Conclusion</span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Nous sommes partis d&rsquo;une &eacute;tude de cas dans le sud de la France pour nous demander comment r&eacute;ussir &agrave; pr&eacute;server la Terre dans son ensemble, non pas &agrave; partir de beaux principes moraux s&rsquo;imposant au milieu habit&eacute; et leur faisant violence, mais en respectant ce qui se joue dans le tissu m&ecirc;me des vies ordinaires engag&eacute;s, dans un certain usage du monde. Cette question nous a amen&eacute; &agrave; insister sur l&rsquo;int&eacute;r&ecirc;t d&rsquo;une &eacute;thique du <i>care </i>capable de faire attention aux relations subtiles constitutives de nos mani&egrave;res d&rsquo;habiter la terre mais aussi de prendre soin des conditions d&rsquo;habitabilit&eacute; fragiles et vuln&eacute;rables dont nous co-d&eacute;pendons. Le retour vers l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement a mis &agrave; jour la n&eacute;cessit&eacute; d&rsquo;un certain l&acirc;cher prise qui est aussi une mani&egrave;re de s&rsquo;autoriser &agrave; exp&eacute;rimenter et &agrave; improviser plut&ocirc;t que de vouloir contr&ocirc;ler et saisir un r&eacute;el mouvant et complexe qui nous &eacute;chappe. Et cette exp&eacute;rimentation ne peut actualiser une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i> que si elle se fait participative et permet une co-construction des intentions et des moyens d&rsquo;actions impliqu&eacute;es dans une transformation de nos milieux. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">En tant que chercheur mais aussi enseignant (dans une facult&eacute; d&rsquo;&eacute;ducation), nous aimerions conclure en posant la question des processus apprentissages qui permettraient d&rsquo;actualiser ou de renforcer une &eacute;thique du <i>care</i>. Et il nous semble qu&rsquo;une triple dimension doit ici &ecirc;tre prise en compte. La premi&egrave;re concerne des apprentissages relatifs &agrave; notre perception du monde. Questionnement plut&ocirc;t rare en g&eacute;ographie comme en am&eacute;nagement, il s&rsquo;agit pourtant de </span></span><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">travailler sur notre attention consciente, notre capacit&eacute; &agrave; reconna&icirc;tre ce qui se passe en nous et autour de nous, notamment nos interd&eacute;pendances au milieu habit&eacute; (&eacute;chelle locale) et &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;coum&egrave;ne (&eacute;chelle globale) pour d&eacute;construire nos sch&egrave;mes dualistes de perception. Et c&rsquo;est aussi en ce sens qu&rsquo;une <i>science &agrave; la premi&egrave;re personne</i>, reconnaissant sa n&eacute;cessaire perspective incarn&eacute;e, peut nous aider &agrave; explorer la richesse de nos exp&eacute;riences d&rsquo;habitants sur Terre (Varela, 2017).&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">La seconde dimension se rapporte davantage &agrave; nos intentions. Au fond, tout projet d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement qui entend prendre soin du milieu doit chercher collectivement les chemins &agrave; emprunter et les ressources &agrave; mobiliser pour s&rsquo;engager vers une &eacute;thique globale et pr&eacute;server un monde fragile, de le rendre habitable. Vient alors seulement la troisi&egrave;me dimension, celle de processus d&rsquo;apprentissages impliquant nos mani&egrave;res d&rsquo;agir au sein du milieu. Et loin de croire &agrave; un miracle technologique d&eacute;nouant les incertitudes des gestes humains, nous pensons au contraire que c&rsquo;est en apprenant &agrave; inscrire nos modes d&rsquo;action dans des situations toujours singuli&egrave;res, en suivant une exp&eacute;rience sensible et consciente, que le sens de notre condition d&rsquo;habitant sur Terre pourra s&rsquo;enrichir. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; text-indent:1cm; margin-bottom:8px">&nbsp;</p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><b><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Bibliographie </span></span></b></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Abram David, 2013, <i>Comment la Terre s&rsquo;est tue&nbsp;? Pour une &eacute;cologie des sens</i>, Paris, La D&eacute;couverte / Les emp&ecirc;cheurs de penser en rond. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Bailly Antoine, 2014 [1981], <i>G&eacute;ographie du bien-&ecirc;tre</i>, Paris, Anthropos/Economica. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Barniaudy Cl&eacute;ment, 2016, <i>Habiter au gr&eacute; des vents en M&eacute;diterran&eacute;e nord-occidentale</i>, Th&egrave;se de doctorat en g&eacute;ographie, Universit&eacute; Montpellier 3. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Barniaudy Cl&eacute;ment, 2018, <i>Am&eacute;nager au gr&eacute; des vents,</i> Paris, Anthropos/Economica. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Bateson Gregory, 1996 [1975], <i>Une unit&eacute; sacr&eacute;e&nbsp;: quelques pas de plus vers une &eacute;cologie de l&rsquo;esprit</i>, Paris, Seuil. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Benasayag Miguel, 2016, <i>Cerveau augment&eacute;, homme diminu&eacute;, </i>Paris, La D&eacute;couverte. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Berdoulay Vincent, Soubeyran Olivier, 2012, &laquo;&nbsp;Pratiques r&eacute;flexives en am&eacute;nagement pour une adaptation aux changements environnementaux&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>L&rsquo;Espace g&eacute;ographique</i>, n&deg;2, p. 169-180. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Berque Augustin, 2013, &laquo;&nbsp;Les fondements terrestres de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique humaine&nbsp;&raquo; dans Burgat F., Nurock V. (dir.),<i> Le multinaturalisme&nbsp;: m&eacute;langes &agrave; C. Larr&egrave;re</i>, Marseille, WildProject,<span style="color:black"> p. 122-133. </span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Besse Jean-Marc, 2000, <i>Voir la Terre&nbsp;: six essais sur le paysage et la g&eacute;ographie</i>, Arles, Actes Sud. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Carriero Antonella, 2012, <i>Impianti eolici e territorio nel Sub-Appennino Dauno</i>, Tesi di laurea magistrale in Scienze Sociali, Universit&agrave; di Roma Sapienza. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Chevalier Jacques, Buckles Daniel, 2019, <i>Participatory Research Action</i>, New York, Routledge. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Chezel Edith, 2018, <i><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">La fabrique collective des paysages climatiques : une enqu&ecirc;te avec les parcs &eacute;oliens citoyens en Frise du Nord</span></span></i><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">, Th&egrave;se de doctorat en g&eacute;ographie, Universit&eacute; Grenoble Alpes. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Citton Yves, 2014, <em>Pour une &eacute;cologie de l&#39;attention</em>, Paris, Seuil.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Citton Yves, Rasmi Jacopo, 2020, <em>G&eacute;n&eacute;rations collapsonautes:naviguer par temps d&#39;effondrements</em>, Paris, Seuil.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="background:white"><span style="color:black">Dardel Eric, 2014 [1952], <em>Ecrits d&#39;un monde entier</em>, Gen&egrave;ve, H&eacute;ros-Limite.&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Depraz Nathalie, Varela Francisco J., Vermersch Pierre, 2011, <i>A l&rsquo;&eacute;preuve de l&rsquo;exp&eacute;rience&nbsp;: pour une pratique ph&eacute;nom&eacute;nologique</i>, Bucarest, Zeta Books. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Descola Philippe, 2005, <i>Par-del&agrave; nature et culture</i>, Paris, Gallimard. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Escobar Arturo, 2018, <i>Sentir-penser avec la terre</i>, Paris, Seuil.&nbsp; </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Gilligan Carol, 2008 [1982], <i>Une voix diff&eacute;rente&nbsp;: pour une &eacute;thique du care</i>, Paris, Flammarion. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Guattari F&eacute;lix, 1989, <i>Les trois &eacute;cologies</i>, Paris, Galil&eacute;e. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Laugier Sandra, 2015, &laquo;&nbsp;Care, environnement et &eacute;thique globale&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Cahiers du genre</i>, n&deg;59, p. 127-152. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Lussault<b> </b>Michel, 2018, &laquo;&nbsp;Porter attention aux espaces de vie anthropoc&egrave;nes&nbsp;: vers une th&eacute;orie du <i>spatial care&nbsp;</i>&raquo;, dans Beau R&eacute;mi, Larr&egrave;re Catherine (dir.),<i> Penser l&rsquo;anthropoc&egrave;ne,</i> Paris, Presses de Science Po, 2018,&nbsp;<span style="color:black">p. 201-218.</span> </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Naess Arn, 2017, <i>La r&eacute;alisation de soi</i>, Marseille, Wildproject.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Paperman Patricia, Laugier Sandra (dir.), 2011, <i>Le souci des autres&nbsp;: &eacute;thique et politique du care</i>, Paris, EHESS.</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Paquot Thierry, 2012, &laquo;&nbsp;Pour une &eacute;thique de l&rsquo;environnement urbain. Prol&eacute;gom&egrave;nes&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>Les ateliers de l&rsquo;&eacute;thique</i>, n&deg;7, p. 81-88. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Petersen Erik Lundtang, Troen Ib, 1989, <i>Atlas &eacute;olien europ&eacute;en</i>, Roskilde (Danemark)/Bruxelles (Belgique), Laboratoire national Ris&oslash;/ Commission de la communaut&eacute; europ&eacute;enne.</span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Soubeyran<b> </b>Olivier, 2014, <i>Pens&eacute;e am&eacute;nagiste et improvisation&nbsp;: l&rsquo;improvisation en jazz et l&rsquo;&eacute;cologisation de la pens&eacute;e am&eacute;nagiste</i>, Paris, &eacute;ditions des Archives Contemporaines. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Subra Philippe, 2018, <i>G&eacute;opolitique de l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement</i>, Malakoff, Armand Colin. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Thich Nhat Hanh, 2006, <i>Les m&eacute;tamorphoses de l&rsquo;esprit, </i>Paris, La Table Ronde.<i> </i>&nbsp;</span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Tollis Claire, 2010, &laquo;&nbsp;&Eacute;thique, espace, action&nbsp;: un triptyque &agrave; activer&nbsp;&raquo;, <i>G&eacute;ographie et cultures</i>, n&deg;74, URL&nbsp;: <a href="http://gc.revues.org/1772">http://gc.revues.org/1772</a></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Tronto Joan, 2009 [1993], <i>Un monde vuln&eacute;rable. Pour une politique du Care</i>, Paris, La D&eacute;couverte. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt">Varela Francisco J., Thompson Evan, Rosch Eleanor, 1993, <i>L&rsquo;inscription corporelle de l&rsquo;esprit&nbsp;: sciences cognitives et exp&eacute;rience humaine,</i> Paris, Seuil. </span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Varela Francisco J., 1995, <i>Quel savoir pour l&rsquo;&eacute;thique&nbsp;?,</i> Paris, La D&eacute;couverte. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <p class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align:justify; margin-bottom:8px"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span style="line-height:115%"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><span style="font-size:12.0pt"><span style="line-height:115%">Varela Francisco J., 2017, <i>Le cercle cr&eacute;ateur&nbsp;: &eacute;crits (1976-2001)</i>, Paris, Seuil. </span></span></span></span></span></p> <div>&nbsp; <hr align="left" size="1" width="33%" /> <div id="ftn1"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><a href="#lien cb1" name="cb1"><strong><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[1]</span></span></span></span></span></span></strong></a><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Seul le nord de l&rsquo;Ecosse, de l&rsquo;Irlande et du Danemark ainsi que la basse vall&eacute;e du Rh&ocirc;ne affichent un tel potentiel &eacute;olien sur l&rsquo;atlas europ&eacute;en des gisements &eacute;oliens&nbsp;; voir Petersen, Troen, 1989.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn2"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><strong><a href="#_ftnref2" name="_ftn2" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[2]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></strong><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Les Pyr&eacute;n&eacute;es-Orientales sont identifi&eacute;es depuis le d&eacute;but du XXe si&egrave;cle en France et m&ecirc;me en Europe comme un territoire pionnier de la recherche scientifique sur les &eacute;nergies renouvelables. Certes, cette reconnaissance est limit&eacute;e au domaine de l&rsquo;&eacute;nergie solaire qui b&eacute;n&eacute;ficie dans l&rsquo;apr&egrave;s seconde guerre mondiale de l&rsquo;implantation de plusieurs fours solaires en Cerdagne et de l&rsquo;installation d&rsquo;une &eacute;quipe C.N.R.S en 1969 &agrave; Mont-Louis dirig&eacute;e par un chercheur avant-gardiste, F&eacute;lix Trombe. Mais la constitution de ce p&ocirc;le de recherche et d&rsquo;exp&eacute;rimentation solaire dans les P.-O. est pour beaucoup dans la localisation du p&ocirc;le de comp&eacute;titivit&eacute; DERBI (D&eacute;veloppement des Energies Renouvelables dans le B&acirc;timent et l&rsquo;Industrie) en 2005 sur le site de l&rsquo;Universit&eacute; de Perpignan Via Domitia. La restructuration du laboratoire CNRS, devenu PROMES en 2004 et localis&eacute;e &agrave; Perpignan, est relay&eacute;e par l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement de deux zones d&rsquo;activit&eacute;s d&eacute;di&eacute;e aux nouvelles technologies, Technosud 1 (2001) et 2 (2013) afin de structurer un v&eacute;ritable p&ocirc;le d&rsquo;excellence autour des Enr&nbsp;: p&eacute;pini&egrave;res d&rsquo;entreprises, centres de formation (Polytech&rsquo;Enr, IUT, UPVD), laboratoires de recherche.</span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn3"> <p class="p1" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:9pt"><span helvetica="" style="font-family:"><strong><a href="#_ftnref3" name="_ftn3" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[3]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></a></strong><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> Cette expression vient d&rsquo;une rencontre en 2014 avec Angela Barbanente - professeur d&rsquo;urbanisme &agrave; l&rsquo;&eacute;cole Polytechnique de Bari et vice-pr&eacute;sidente de la r&eacute;gion Pouilles d&eacute;l&eacute;gu&eacute;e &agrave; l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement du territoire de 2005 &agrave; 2015 - qui se bat depuis une quinzaine d&rsquo;ann&eacute;es pour faire conna&icirc;tre les &laquo; int&eacute;r&ecirc;ts sensibles &raquo; des tous les acteurs d&rsquo;un territoire tant d&rsquo;un point de vue paysager qu&rsquo;en terme de vocation socio-&eacute;conomique.</span></span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn4"> <p class="MsoFootnoteText" style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span calibri="" style="font-family:"><strong><a href="#_ftnref4" name="_ftn4" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span new="" roman="" times=""><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[4]</span></span></span></span></span></span></a></strong><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""> A ce sujet, voir par ailleurs, toujours pour les parcs &eacute;oliens, le cas tr&egrave;s int&eacute;ressant de la province de Foggia dans les Pouilles, en Italie du Sud,&nbsp;analys&eacute; dans la th&egrave;se d&rsquo;Antonella Carriero (2012). </span></span></span></p> </div> <div id="ftn5"> <p style="text-align:justify"><span style="font-size:10pt"><span new="" roman="" style="font-family:" times=""><strong><a href="#_ftnref5" name="_ftn5" title=""><span style="color:#2980b9;"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span class="MsoFootnoteReference" style="vertical-align:super"><span style="font-size:10.0pt"><span new="" roman="" times="">[5]</span></span></span></span></span></a></strong> Il nous semble qu&rsquo;un travail de recherche reste &agrave; faire en ce sens (ce qui n&rsquo;est pas l&rsquo;objet de cet article) pour rendre compte de tous ces exemples d&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement participatif qui &eacute;mergent et dont on trouvera la trace dans de nombreux m&eacute;dias mais aussi dans des publications plus sp&eacute;cialis&eacute;es. Concernant l&rsquo;am&eacute;nagement d&rsquo;installations pour la production d&rsquo;&eacute;nergie &eacute;olienne, on citera en particulier la tr&egrave;s belle th&egrave;se d&rsquo;Edith Chezel intitul&eacute;e &laquo;&nbsp;La<span style="background:white"><span style="color:black"> fabrique collective des paysages climatiques : une enqu&ecirc;te avec les parcs &eacute;oliens citoyens en Frise du Nord&nbsp;&raquo; (2018). </span></span></span></span></p> </div> </div>